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INFRARED
THERMOGRAPHY
ON AIRCRAFT


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Basic kit for the IRT control
Measurement chain
COMPAQ
V70
V70
(4)
(1)
(3)
(2)
Calibration
piece
heating
1- IR camera
2 control panel of the camera
3 Direct view on the screen
4 Signal processing of the acquisition
INSTRUMENTATION
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Instrumentation used in IRT
Choice of the camera :
Multiple use of the detector : IR night vision,
thermal control of active sources, military
application, .
Thermal sensitivity : (0,1 till 0,01C)
Acquisition frequency (25 till 300
image/s)
Line acquisition mode or Focal Plane Array (FPA)
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Instrumentation used in IRT
Heating choices :
Different techniques : hot air blower, tubes, flash
lamps, hot water, pulsed heating, laser, sun for
space shuttle, heating blanckets
Surface heating or linear heating
Homogeneity, reproductibility, calibration,
characterization
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IRT CONTROL ON COMPOSITE
transmission technique :
14 mm
carbon
rubber
Applied
Heat
Transmitted
Heat
Without defect
With defect
T
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IRT CONTROL ON COMPOSITE
Reflexion technique :
Emitted
Heat
Reflected
Heat
Absorbed
Heat

T
With defect Without defect
14 mm
carbon
rubber
THERMOGRAM
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Temperature variation in a point
Reflexion technique :
Transmission technique :
heating
T
time
heating
T
time
Without defect
With defect
(isolation)
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Thermographic Inspection
Advantages of the method :
Global examination of part
Only ONE SIDE access is required for the examination
Real Time inspection
Apply for all composite structure and materials even porous
not very sensitive to part geometry, well suited for large surfaces
Disavantages :
Sensitive to heating mode (type,duration,position)
Response time must be studied
Exact composition of the pieces and the thicknesses must be known
Less definition than Ultrasonic C-Scan and Radiography
Inhomogeneous heating on complex part
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DEFECTS ENCOUNTERED
Lack of adhesion of cohesion, bubbles
Delamination
Defects on surface coatings
Inclusions of foreign materials
Liquid ingress
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Pulse heating method
Detection of defects inside a
honeycomb composite part
Reflexion method
Heating pulse : 0.1 sec
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Pulse method reflexion inspection on part M88
7 defects visible
Contrast is
decreasing after
optimum image
Picture of part First image Heated part at T0
Optimum image 5 Sec after
10 sec after
1 2
3 4 5
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7 defects are detected
Transmission face 1
Defects seen as dark spots
Reflexion face 1
Reflexion face 2
Transmission Vs Reflexion method
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Modulated thermography
440 mm
370 mm
carbon
14 mm
Test sample, composite bonding Carbon/Elastomer
rubber
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Phase Image Amplitude image
Method : reflexion heating, rubber side
Frequency : 0.006 Hz
Modulation : 1000 images
Modulated thermography
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Method : transmission heating, rubber side
Frequency : 0.003 Hz
Modulation : 1000 images
Phase image Amplitude image
Modulated thermography
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Disbonded area
A
A
Cross section AA
rubber
aluminium
kevlar
bonding
Modulated thermography
Test sample, composite bonding Metal/Elastomer/Kevlar
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Phase image
Amplitude Image
Modulated thermography
Method : transmission heating, kevlar side
Frequency : 0.006 Hz
Modulation : 3000 images
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Conclusions
Global method, quick, well suited for detection on composite
and complex shaped surface, and for large areas
Easy to set up on site (maintenance, expertise, production
control)
Quick evolution of the technology, lower price of detectors,
new powerfull software for analysis tools will increase :
maximum inspected thickness
spatial and thermal resolution
velocity of inspection