1

st
Activity
Form a group
Give a short name, not more than 15 chars.
Numbers: Max 5 student Min 4 students
Write up the members names, group leader,
must be signed and pass it to me ASAP.
Dont force anyone to be included in a group.
Quiz 2.1
Choose the right answer(s)
An A.I program can be called _______
A. WetWare
B. Formula
C. Intelligent Agent
D. Intelligent System
E. Intelligent Apps
F. Smart System
Quiz 2.2
Choose the right answer(s)
An Intelligent Agent can _____ and _____
.
A.Perceive and Act
B.Perceive and React
C.Sense and Action
D.Observe and Take Action
Intelligent Agents

Chapter 2
Outline
Agents and environments
Rationality
PEAS (Performance measure,
Environment, Actuators, Sensors)
Environment types
Agent types
Agents
An agent is anything that can be viewed as
perceiving its environment through sensors and
acting upon that environment through actuators



Analogy
Human
Sensors
Human agent: eyes, ears,
and other organs for
actuators
Actuators
Hands, legs, mouth, and
other body parts
Agents
Sensors
Cameras, infrared range
finders, heat sensors,
thermometers, etc.
Actuator
various motors for
actuators

Smart Car
Group Quiz 2.1

What is the main difference between a
smart car and normal car in the context of
this discussion, (we are talking about AI
and Agents)?
Agents and environments



The agent function maps from percept histories
to actions:

[f: P* A]

The agent program runs on the physical
architecture to produce f

agent = architecture + program

Vacuum-cleaner world




Percepts: location and contents, e.g.,
[A,Dirty]

Actions: Left, Right, Suck, NoOp

A Simple Agent Function
Percept Sequence Action
[A, clean] right
[A, dirty] suck
[B, clean] left
[B, dirty] suck
[A , clean], [A, clean] right
[A, clean], [A, clean], [A, dirty] suck
The Concept of Rationality
The problem in developing an Intelligent Apps or
Robot is that - human is the creator.
Human being has weaknesses.
Human are notorious for sour grapes believing
they did not really want something like a prize after
not getting it!
From the creation, we understood the quality of
the human as creator.
Imagine your mom design a robot as her kitchen
helper. Who will produce better robot? Your
mom or YOU?

Rational agents
An agent should strive to "do the right thing",
based on what it can perceive and the actions it
can perform. The right action is the one that will
cause the agent to be most successful

Performance measure: An objective criterion for
success of an agent's behavior

E.g., performance measure of a vacuum-cleaner
agent could be amount of dirt cleaned up,
amount of time taken, amount of electricity
consumed, amount of noise generated, etc.

Rational agents
Rational Agent: For each possible percept
sequence, a rational agent should select
an action that is expected to maximize its
performance measure, given the evidence
provided by the percept sequence and
whatever built-in knowledge the agent has.
Today, almost each of organizations has their
own KPI (Key Performance Index)
What is a Muslims KPI? What is a Christian
KPI?

Rational agents
Rationality is distinct from omniscience
(all-knowing with infinite knowledge)
Agents can perform actions in order to
modify future percepts so as to obtain
useful information (information gathering,
exploration)
An agent is autonomous if its behavior is
determined by its own experience (with
ability to learn and adapt)

PEAS
PEAS: Performance measure, Environment,
Actuators, Sensors
Must first specify the setting for intelligent agent
design
Consider, e.g., the task of designing an
automated taxi driver:
Performance measure
Environment
Actuators
Sensors

PEAS
Must first specify the setting for intelligent agent
design
Consider, e.g., the task of designing an
automated taxi driver:
Performance measure:
Safe, fast, legal, comfortable trip, maximize profits
Environment:
Roads, other traffic, pedestrians, customers
Actuators:
Steering wheel, accelerator, brake, signal, horn
Sensors:
Cameras, sonar, speedometer, GPS, odometer, engine
sensors, keyboard

PEAS
Agent: Medical diagnosis system
Performance measure:
Healthy patient, minimize costs, lawsuits
Environment:
Patient, hospital, staff
Actuators:
Screen display (questions, tests,
diagnoses,treatments, referrals)
Sensors:
Keyboard (entry of symptoms, findings,
patient's answers)
PEAS
Agent: Part-picking robot
Performance measure:
Percentage of parts in correct bins
Environment:
Conveyor belt with parts, bins
Actuators:
Jointed arm and hand
Sensors:
Camera, joint angle sensors
PEAS
Agent: Interactive English tutor
Performance measure:
Maximize student's score on test
Environment:
Set of students
Actuators:
Screen display (exercises, suggestions,
corrections)
Sensors: Keyboard
Agent Environment
Read it as the apps or software
environment that can perceive
and act
Fully observable vs. partially
observable
An agent's sensors give it access to the
complete state of the environment at each
point in time.
If the agent has no sensors at all then the
environment is unobservable.
Eg. A robot driver dont know what other
drivers are thinking.

Deterministic vs. stochastic
Deterministic: The next state of the
environment is completely determined by
the current state and the action executed
by the agent.
If the environment is deterministic except for
the actions of other agents, then the
environment is strategic.
Nondeterministic: Actions are
characterized by their possible outcomes
without probabilities.
Stochastic: Uncertainty about outcomes is
quantified in terms of probability.

Episodic vs. sequential
Episodic: The agent's experience is divided into atomic
"episodes" (each episode consists of the agent
perceiving and then performing a single action), and the
choice of action in each episode depends only on the
episode itself.
Classification task is an example.
Sequential: The current decision could affect all future
decisions.
Chess and taxi are sequential.

Single agent vs. multiagent
Single Agent: An agent operating by itself
in an environment.
Solving Crossword puzzle Apps: Single agent
Chess Apps : Multi Agent
Competitive multi agent environment
Robot Driver : Partially cooperative multi
agent because it wants to avoid collisions.

Static vs. dynamic
Static: The environment is unchanged while an
agent is deliberating. Otherwise, it is dynamic.
The environment is semidynamic if the
environment itself does not change with the
passage of time but the agent's performance
score does.
Driving robot environment is dynamic.
Chess without a clock is static.
Chess with a clock is semi-dynamic
Crossword puzzles are static.


Discrete vs. continuous
Discrete: A limited number of distinct,
clearly defined percepts and actions.
Chess: Has a finite number of distinct states.
Continuous: Has infinite number of distinct
states.
Taxi driving: A continuous-state and
continuous-time problem.
Camera: Input are discrete

Developing a Chess Game with
1. Fully observable?
2. Deterministic ?
3. Episodic ?
4. Static ?
5. Discrete ?
6. Single agent ?
1. Yes
2. Yes, but Strategic
3. No
4. Semi
5. Yes
6. No

Environment types
Chess with Chess without Taxi driving
a clock a clock
Fully observable Yes Yes No
Deterministic Strategic Strategic No
Episodic No No No
Static Semi Yes No
Discrete Yes Yes No
Single agent No No No

The environment type largely determines the agent design
The real world is (of course) partially observable, stochastic,
sequential, dynamic, continuous, multi-agent

Quiz 2.3
1. Fully observable?
2. Deterministic ?
3. Episodic ?
4. Static ?
5. Discrete ?
6. Single agent ?
Determine the
environment for a robot
waiter at McDonald.
Agent functions and programs
An agent is completely specified by the
agent function mapping percept
sequences to actions
One agent function (or a small
equivalence class) is rational

Aim: find a way to implement the rational
agent function concisely

Table-lookup agent
\input{algorithms/table-agent-algorithm}

Drawbacks:
Huge table
Take a long time to build the table
No autonomy
Even with learning, need a long time to learn
the table entries
A Simple Agent Function
Percept Sequence Action
[A, clean] right
[A, dirty] suck
[B, clean] left
[B, dirty] suck
[A , clean], [A, clean] right
[A, clean], [A, clean], [A, dirty] suck
Agent program for a vacuum-
cleaner agent
\input{algorithms/reflex-vacuum-agent-
algorithm}

Agent types
Four basic types in order of increasing
generality:

Simple reflex agents
Model-based reflex agents
Goal-based agents
Utility-based agents
Simple reflex agents
Simple reflex agents
\input{algorithms/d-agent-algorithm}

Model-based reflex agents
Model-based reflex agents
\input{algorithms/d+-agent-algorithm}

Goal-based agents


Utility-based agents
Learning agents
GROUP QUIZ 2.3: PEAS
Write your group answers in a paper.
10 minutes.
Agent: Interactive McDonald Waiters to
take orders
Performance measure:
Environment:
Actuators:
Sensors:

Watch How Autonomous Cars
Would Affect Intersections Video