CCNA-1: Chapter 1

Copyright 2008 Version 4.
0

Ch 1 - 1
Chapter 1

Living in a Network-Centric World
CCNA Exploration
Network Fundamentals
Copyright 2008 Version 4.0

Ch 1 - 2
Objectives
Describe how networks impact our daily lives
Describe the role of data networking in the
human network
Identify the key components of any data network
Identify the opportunities and challenges posed
by converged networks
Describe the characteristics of network
architectures relating to fault tolerance,
scalability, quality of service (QoS) and security

Ch 1 - 3
Networks Supporting The Way We Live
Data networks that were once the transport of information for
businesses are now also used to improve our quality of life
check bank balance and pay bills electronically
find the least-congested route to a destination
use instant messaging and chat for both personal and business use
post and share your photographs, home videos and experiences
shop and sell at online auctions
use Internet phone services
obtain health information
and nutritional advice


Ch 1 - 4
Todays Popular Communication Tools
Instant messaging (IM)
real-time text communication between two or more users
also supports voice, photo and video sharing, and file transfers
Blogs or weblogs
individuals publish their personal opinions and thoughts about any
conceivable topic
allow unfiltered and unedited publication of ideas from anyone
Podcasting
website that contains audio files available for downloading
Wikis
publicly created web content that groups of people can edit and view
together
organizations and individuals build their own wikis to capture collected
knowledge for use as collaboration tools


Ch 1 - 5
Examples of Communication Tools

Ch 1 - 6
Networks Supporting The Way We Learn
Traditional learning methods make use of textbooks and instructor-
led classes

Courses delivered using networks or Internet resources are often
called online learning experiences or e-learning

Online courses can contain voice, data and video
available to the students at any time from any place

Blended courses can combine instructor-led classes with online
courseware to provide the best of both delivery methods

Ch 1 - 7
Global Online Learning Experience
The instructor provides a syllabus and establishes a preliminary
schedule for completing the course content
The way we learn is supported by courseware delivered over the
data network

Ch 1 - 8
Learning by Sharing and Exploring
Students can communicate with the instructor and fellow students
using online tools
bulletin/discussion boards, chat rooms and instant messaging
Links provide access to learning resources outside the courseware

Ch 1 - 9
Online Courseware Administration
Improved management and administration of courses
enrollment, assessment delivery and grade books


Ch 1 - 10
Benefits of Online Courseware
Current and accurate training materials
collaboration among vendors, equipment manufacturers and training
providers ensures that the courseware is up to date with the latest
processes and procedures

Availability of training to a wide audience
online training is not dependent on travel schedules, instructor
availability, or physical class size

Consistent quality of instruction
quality of instruction does not vary as it would if different instructors
were delivering an in-person lesson

Cost reduction
facilities to support in-person training can be reduced or eliminated

Ch 1 - 11
Networks Supporting The Way We Work
Business applications can be accessed remotely as if employees
were on site
Workers in any location can reach each other and access multiple
resources on the network
Remote Access
Accessing Multiple Resources

Ch 1 - 12
Networks Supporting The Way We Play
Explore places of interest interactively or preview actual destinations
before a trip
Posting photographs about an event online for others to view
Participate in online games
Preview motion pictures

Ch 1 - 13
Basic Characteristics of Communication
Rules or agreements to govern the conversation are first established
these rules, called protocols, must be followed in order for the message
to be successfully delivered and understood

A message with important information may need a confirmation that
the message has been received and understood

As a message moves through the network, many factors can
prevent the message from reaching the recipient or distort its
intended meaning
internal or external factors

Ch 1 - 14
External Factors
The quality of the pathway between the sender and the recipient

The number of times the message has to change form

The number of times the message has to be redirected or
readdressed

The number of other messages being transmitted simultaneously on
the communication network

The amount of time allocated for successful communication

Ch 1 - 15
Internal Factors
The size of the message
it is more difficult to deliver a large bulky message, quickly and without
damage, than it is to deliver a number of smaller, less complex
messages
The complexity of the message
The importance of the message

Ch 1 - 16
Four Elements of a Network
Rules or agreements to govern the messages are sent, directed,
received and interpreted
The messages or units of information that travel from one device to
another
A means of interconnecting these devices a medium that can
transport the messages from one device to another
Devices on the network that exchange messages with each other

Ch 1 - 17
Rules
Rules govern every step of the process, from the way cables are
designed to the way the digital signals are sent

These rules are called protocols, e.g. TCP/IP protocol stack

Ch 1 - 18
Messages
Message is a generic term that encompasses text, voice or video
information
The message must be converted to bits, binary coded digital signals,
before they are transmitted on the medium

Ch 1 - 19
Medium
Physically carries the message
Connects the devices
Can be wired or wireless
Wired connections Wireless connections
UTP cables
wireless
router

Ch 1 - 20
Devices
End-user devices
desktop computer
server
notebook (or laptop)
IP phone
Networking devices
LAN switch
firewall
router
wireless router

Ch 1 - 21
Common Data Network Symbols

Ch 1 - 22
Non-Converged Networks
In the past, every one of the services required a different technology
to carry its particular communication signal
Each service has its own set of rules and standards

Ch 1 - 23
Converged Networks
Convergence occurs when telephones, broadcasts (radio and TV),
and computer communications all use the same rules, devices and
media to transport messages

Ch 1 - 24
Network Architecture
Refers to the conceptual plans on which a physical
network is built

Must support a wide range of applications and services

Four basic characteristics of the network architecture
fault tolerance
scalability
quality of service
security

Ch 1 - 25
Fault Tolerance
A fault tolerant network limits the impact of hardware or software
failure
recover quickly when a failure occurs
depend on redundant links, or paths, between the source and
destination of a message
redundant connections allow for alternate paths

Ch 1 - 26
Circuit Switched Connection-Oriented Networks
A physical, dedicated path or circuit is temporary setup between the
source and destination
The circuit is maintained for the duration of the call
Early circuit-switched networks do not dynamically recover from
drop circuits

Ch 1 - 27
Packet Switched Connectionless Networks
The entire message is broken into packets which are addressed and
numbered
Any packets can be sent through the network using any available
path

Ch 1 - 28
Scalability
A scalable network can expand quickly to support new users and
applications without impacting the performance of the service being
delivered to existing users
Depends on a hierarchical layered design for the physical
infrastructure and logical architecture

Ch 1 - 29
Internet Structure
The Internet is a hierarchical structure of interconnected networks
Many individual networks that provide Internet connectivity
cooperate to follow accepted standards and protocols
new products can integrate with and enhance the existing infrastructure


Ch 1 - 30
Quality of Service (QoS)
QoS refers to the mechanism that manage congested network traffic
Congestion is caused when the demand on the network exceeds the
available capacity
Some constraints on network resources cannot be avoided
technology limitations
cost
local availability of high-
bandwidth services


Ch 1 - 31
QoS Classification
Prioritize which types of data packets must be delivered at the
expense of other types of packets that can be delayed or dropped
use queues to prioritize traffic
Classify applications in categories based on specific quality of
service requirements

Ch 1 - 32
Prioritizing Network Traffic
Delay-sensitive (or time sensitive) communication
increase priority for services like voice or video transmission

Delay-insensitive (or non-time sensitive) communication
decrease priority for web page retrieval or e-mail

High importance to organization
increase priority for business transaction data or production control

Undesirable communication
decrease priority or block unwanted activity such as gaming

Ch 1 - 33
Security
The Internet has become a widely accessible means of business
and personal communications
the same environment that attracts legitimate business, however, also
attracts scam artists and vandals
Compromising the integrity of company assets could lead to serious
business and financial repercussions

Tools and procedures are
being implemented to
combat inherent security
flaws in the network
architecture


Ch 1 - 34
Network Security Concerns
Network infrastructure security
physical securing of devices that provide network connectivity and
preventing unauthorized access to the management software that
resides on them

Content security
protecting the information contained within the packets being
transmitted over the network and the information stored on network
attached devices
tools to provide security for the content of individual messages must be
implemented on top of the underlying protocols

Ch 1 - 35
Consequences of Security Breach
Network outage causing a loss of communications and
transactions occurring, with consequent loss of business

Misdirection and loss of personal or business funds

Theft of intellectual property such as project bids and strategic
plans and used by a competitor

Exposure of confidential customer data, which may result in
loss of market confidence in the business

Ch 1 - 36
Security Measures
Prevent unauthorized disclosure or theft of information
ensure confidentiality
Prevent unauthorized modification of information
maintain communication integrity
Prevent denial of service (DoS)
ensure availability

Ch 1 - 37
Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability
Ensuring confidentiality
allowing only the intended and authorized users to read the data
a strong system for user authentication
encrypting the content
Maintaining communication integrity
data integrity is the assurance that the information has not been altered
in transmission, from source to destination
source integrity is the assurance that the identity of the sender has been
validated
using digital signatures and hashing algorithms
Ensuring availability
resources are available to authorized users
virus software and firewalls are used to combat virus and DoS attacks
building fully redundant network infrastructures

Ch 1 - 38
Trends in Networking
Increasing number of mobile users
a demand for more mobile connectivity to data networks
New and more capable devices
functions performed by cell phones, personal digital assistants,
organizers and pagers are converging into single handheld devices with
continuous connectivity to providers of services and content
Increased availability of services
new services are introduced and
older services are enhanced to meet
user demands

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