Introduction to computer

Presented By
Neha Mittal
Lecturer (SDIMT)
The set of instruction is called program or software.
The activity of processing data using a computer
is called data processing
More Defination

• “An Automatic electronic apparatus

for making calculations or controlling
operations that are expressible in
numerical or logical terms”
• “Common Operating Machine
Particularly used for Taining
Education & research”
3 activities of data processing

 1.Capturing the Input Data

 2.Manupulating the Data

3 Managing the output result

Characteristics of computer
 1.High Speed
 2.Accuracy
 3.Consistency
 4.Storage Capacity(hard
disc,floppy,c.d)
 5.Flexibility
 6.Automatic
 7.Deligence(24*7)
 8.Versatility(Many Task at a Time)
Continued…………….

 9.Power of Remembering
 10.No IQ
 11.No Feelings
 12.Word Length
 13.Reliability(40 years life)
 14.Data Base (data record)
 15.Reduction in Paper Work
 16.Reduce cost (initially cost is high but after some time)
Characteristics More….

• 17.Report Preparation (in org 4

the purpose of preparing
business reports)
• 18.Reduce the manpower and
space requirements in office.
• 19.Increase ability to perform
computation
• 20.intangible benefits……….
 Limitation of Computer
 No I.Q (no intelligence)
 The application logic must be understood
 Dependent on human being
 It require a lot of looking after
 Environment should be suitable for it
 No Feeling/Judgement
 Its Very sensitive to dust Particle
Evolution Of Computer
 Some Early Computer
* Blaise Pascal Invented The first Adding
Machine(1642)
* Baron Gottfried invented first calculator
of multiplication(1671)
*In U.S Keyboard Machine Was
Invented(1880)
*Herman Hollerith (Punch Cards)
(1970)
*Charles Babbage “Difference Machine” Later “
Analytical Engine” Speed 60 additions per minutes
Mark I Computer(1937-44)
 Also Known As Automatic Sequence
Controller Calculator
 Invented by Howard A.Aiken
 Collaboration of IBM With Harvard
University
 But It Is Highly Complex nad Huge In Size
 Uses 300electricallyactuated switches to
control
 5 operations +,-,*,%and table referances
uptill 23 decimal digits Speed .3second for
“+”
4.5seconds for “*”
Ananasoff–berry computer(1939-
42)
 Invented By Dr.John Atanasoff
 To Solve Certain Mathematical
Equation
 Also Called ABC
 45 Vacuum tubes and capacitors for
storage
 ENIAC(1943-46)
 Electronic Numerical integrator and calculator
 First Electronic Computer
 Constructed at Moose school of engineeringof universuty of
pennsylvania.(U.S.A)
 Mainly For Military Needs To Solve ballistic related Problems.
 Speed + and * in 200 microseconds
 Major problem of boards and wires difficult to shift from programs
EDVAC(1946-52)
 Electronic Discrete variable uatomatic
Computer
 Removes drawback invented”Stored
Programs”(Sequence of data stored
automatically)
 Invented By Dr John Von Neumann
 Different Programms Can be uploaded
and executed at a time.
EDSAC(1947-49)
 Electronic Delay Storage Automatic
Calculator
 All operation in 1500microseconds
 Invented By Cambridge University
Gp.of Professors headed by Maurice
Wilkes
UNIVAC-I(1951)
 Universal Automatic Computer
 Ist Digital Computer

 In 1952 IBM Introduce IBM-

701Commercial Computer
 In 1953 IBM Produced IBM-650
Generation of computers
 First Generation Computer(1942-1956)

 Second generation Computer(1956-1963)

 Third Generation Computer(1964-1971)

 Fourth generation Computer(1971-1989)

 Fifth generation computer(1989-Present)

 Generation Of Computer
First Generation
 ENIAC
 EDVAC
 UNIVAC
 IBM-701 AND IBM-650
KEY HARDWARE (a)vacuum tubes
(b)Electromagnetic relay memory
©Instruction through machine and assembly
language
 Characteristics features of 1st
generation computer
 Fastest Calculating Device of Their Time
 Too Bulky In size(IRequire full room)
 1000of vacuum Tubes(emit heat and Burn out
frequently)
 Tubes consumes much power (1/2 watt in every
vacuum)
 Vacuum tubes has filament that had a limited life.
 More characteristics of 1st
generation computer
 These components need constant maintenance.(due
to low mean time failure)
 Commercial production of these computers was
difficult and costly(1000 components needs to
assembled individually)
 It have limited commercial use.
Some more characteristics
of 1st generation
• Very unreliable
• Very slow speed
• Non portable
• Need a.c
• Frequent hardware failure
 2nd generation computer(1955-64)
Key hardware:-
(a)Transistors.
(b)Magnetic core memory
©Magnetic tapes
(d)Disc Secondary storage
Language:-
High Level Language
Eg:-
IBM1620,IBM7094,CDC1604,CDC3600,UN
IVAC1108
Characteristics of 2nd generation
language

1. Easier To Handle Than Vacuum

Tubes (tubes consist of glass and
transistor is of germanium
semiconductor)
2. Highly Reliable(could not burnt)
3. Switch Much Faster Than Tubes
Continued……….characteris
tics
4.Consume almost 1/10th of the power than a tube
5.Smaller in size than a tube
6.Less Expensive than a tube
7.Dissipate much less heat as compared to vacuum
tubes
8.Still very costly
Also support machine and assembly language
9.1000 components are assembled by hand so
commercially not fit
 3rd Generation
computers(1964-75)
• In 1958 Jack, St. Clair Kilby &Robert Noyce
Invented I.C
• I.C (integrated Circuit) Consists Of Several
electronic components like
transistor,resistors,capacitors grown on a single
chip of silicon eliminating wired interconnection
between components.
• Key technology:-*IC with SSI & MSI(Medium)
• Key software:-Timesharing O.S(multiuser
interface),HLL
 Characteristics Of 3rd Generation
Technology
 More Powerful than 2nd generation 1million instruction per second
 Smaller Than 2nd Generation
 Less Power &dissipate Less Heat
 More Reliable and less prone to Hardware failure (less
maintenance)
 Still Costly
 A.C Still needed
 Faster & Larger primary and secondary storage
 More characteristics of 3rd
generation
 For general purpose use (scientific
&commercial application)

 Their Manufacturing did not require any

assembly of individual components

 It made computer affordable for small

companies also
4th generation
computers(1975-89)
 Key hardware:-
 LSI 30,000electronic chip
integration
 Microprocessor
 Key software:--(a) GUI .(b) UNIX O.S
©Clanguage,pc &network based
applications(d)LAN WAN
Characteristics Of 4th
Generation Computers
1. PC are smaller and cheaper
2. No A.C required
3. Concept of internet came
4. Great development in the field of
network
5. Increase capabilities of I/O device and
storage device
6. Both for office and home usage
 5th generation computers
 ULSI Used
 Speed and size improved

 Portable notebooks etc are the

example
 CDROM also emerged

 www,email came
Characteristics of 5th generation

Portable PC are much smaller and handy than

PCs of 4th generation
More Powerful PCs than 4th
Less Power consumption
More reliable
Most PCs having “Hot plug Feature”(if any part
damages than without any shut down it can be
replaced)
General purpose and fast and larger storage
Not require manual assembly
Some more
characteristics…………
Use of HLL enables program written
on computer to be easily executed on
the other PC

Includes Multimedia Application

Different price range 4 different

categories like from child to a scientist
 Components of Computer
 1.Memory
RAM
ROM
 2.Software component
Application software
System Software
Utility Software
 3.INPUT Output Device & C.P.U
 Memory
 Memory is a scratch pad where information
which includes both programs and data ,is kept
while it being worked on.
 Computer memory contains large number of
storage spaces known as CELLS or
LOCATION ,which are organized in to bytes
containing 8 bits
 it stores (1)data &instruction required for
processing.
(2)Intermediate results of processing
(3) Results for output,before they are
released to the output device
 2 types of storage
 Primary
Storage(Main Memory)
Eg RAM ROM

 Secondary Storage(Auxillry
memory)
 Eg.Magnetic Disk,Magnetic Tapes
Primary Memory

 Data and instructions are stored

in the primary memory before
processing and are transferred
as and when needed to ALU.
 once the processing takes place
it again goes to primary memory
till the output is released.
 RAM
 Random Access Memory(key
working area of the memory
 Also Called USER MEMORY

MAIN FEATURE:-
(1)It can read from or written into any
location and can be accessed
randomly.
(2)The content of RAM is available as
long as the computer is not switched
off.(Volatile Memory)
 ROM

(1)Read only Memory

(2)Holds permanent Data Or Instruction
(3)Information is permanently recorded so
that it can not be changed by the
programmer.
(4)Non Volatile Memory
(5)It Contains instructions to get the computer
started when switched on.
(6)It holds the instructions and data that
control the various peripheral units of the
computers
 Secondary Storage(Auxilary
Memory)
 To Supplement the main storage.
 Used To Store the large Date .
 Much cheaper than main storage
 Secondary storage holds the program
instructions,data,informations of those
jobs on which the computer system is
not working but needs to hold them for
processing later
 Eg.Magnetic Discs
 Software Components
 (1)Application Software:- these are the programs
employed by the user to perform specific functions.eg:-
like for accounting control in business or a program
used for engineering design
 (2)System Softwares:-Consists of Program,Languages
and documentation supplied by the manufacturer with
the computer.
They allow user to communicate with the
computer or write or develop his own programs.
This makes machine easier to use and make its
efficient use.
 Software Components
Continued………….
 Utility
Software (1) lies between
system and application software
(2)these are used for
specific tools while developing a
program or package or to perform a
limited specific task like scanning the
hard disc for virus,like virus program
etc.
 Input and output Devices
Input devices Output devices
Keyboard Monitor/Screen

Mouse Printer:-
DRUM,CHAIN,SERIAL,INKJ
ET,LASER
Scanner
LCD
Touch screen
Speaker
Light pen
MICR
Plotter
OMR
OCR
BAR CODING
 Input unit
 Data and instruction must enter a computer
system can perform any computation on the
supplied data.
 Functions:- (1)It accepts instructions and data
fro outside world
(2)It Converts these instructions and
data in computer acceptable form
(3)It Supplies the converted
instructions and data to computer system for
further processing
Key Board
 A text base input device that is used to type in
letters, numbers and other character.
 It is also called QWERTY as in 3rd row of keyboard
 Keys Consist are as follows:-
(1)Letter keys:-26 english letters
(2)Digits Keys:-0-9
(3)Special Character key:- >,<, ?,/,{,}etc
(4)Non Printable Control keys:-Used for
backspacing ,going to next line, tabulation ,moving
cursor up and down etc
(5)Function Keys:-f1-f15
 MOUSE

 USED to move the cursor on your

computer screen to give instructions to
your compute and to run programs and
applications.
 Also used to select the menu commands
,move icons ,size windows ,start
program ,close windows
 Scanner

 It is used to input pictures and images

into your computers. It converts IMAGES

to digital forms so that it can be fed in to

the computers
 Touch Screen

 It allows the user to operate a computer

by simply touching the display screen.
 Example:-ATMs, Games in big Mall
 LIGHT PEN

 IT uses a light sensor device to select

objects on the display screen .
 It is simply a mouse except that with a
light pen you can move the pointer and
select any object on the screen by
directly pointing to the object with the
light pen
 MICR

 Magnetic Ink Card Reader

 Human readable character are printed
on the documents (like cheques )using a
special magnetic ink.
 MICR recognise such characters.
 This method ensures the accuracy of
data entry
 OMR
 Optical mark reader
 Special Pre-printed forms are designed
with boxes which can be marked with a
dark pencil or ink.
 Each box is shown distinctly so that user
can clearly understand what he is
making
 Eg:-objective type papers, market
survey,bank exams etc
 OCR
 Optical Character reader
 Is a device used to read an image ,convert it
into a set of 0s and 1s and store this in
computer memory.
 Image may be hand written doc and a typed
printed doc or a pictures
 An optical scanner converts an image to an
equivalent bitmap representation.
 2 types of scanner:-hand held(13cm long) and
flat bed
 Bar Coding

 Small Bars of varying thickness and

spacing are printed on
packages,badges,tags etc
 Codes are read by optical reader and
converted into electrical pulses.
 Pattern of bars is unique and some time
standardised acc.to country
 Eg:-Grocery shop,malls
 Output devices
 It supplies information obtained from
data processing to outside world
 Functions(1) it accepts the results
produced by the computer
(2) it converts these coded
results to human acceptable form
(3) It supplies the converted
result in to outside world
 MONITOR
 used to display
information,program,applications
 Also called Display Screen
 Like t.v, monitor
 2 types flat panel and graphical
 Printer
 Used to create a hard copy of the files stored in to the
computer
 2things matters:-resolution and speed

DRUM PRINTER
It consists of a cylindrical drum.characters are to be
printed are embosed on its surface(all 26 character on
one particular position)
One carbon ribbon and paper is interposed b/w the
hammer and the drum
Limitation:-exoensive,not change(fixed font)
Chain printer
Serial printer
Inkjet printer
Laser printer
 LCD
 Itis smaller and lighter as compared
to the monitor
 Mostly used with portable computers
 Used in seminars
 Used for presentations
 Speaker
 Used to produce music or speech from
programs.
 a speaker port in your computer allows
to connect speaker to the computer
 Speaker can be built in computer and
can be attached separately
 plotter
 Itinterprets commands from the
computer to make line drawings on
a paper using multi coloured
automatic pens
 Plotters can be very useful in
drawing graphs,barcharts,line
drawings,maps and rolls of papers
 2 types:-flat and drum
 C.P.U
 C.U and A.L.U is collectively called as Central
processing unit
 Also called brain of the system computers

C.U
Control Unit
It manage and coordinate the entire program
It get information interpret and issue signals and
exacute
 A.L.U
 Arithmetic logical unit
 Place where actual execution of
instructions take place
 Calculation can be performed
 Data and instruction before
processing goes to a.l.u
 Type of computers

 Personal
computer(Desktop,laptop,palmtop)
 Workstation(powerful,single user,any
computer connected through LAN)
 Mainframe(Huge Computers)

 SuperComputer(Sophisticate,expensi
ve,used for defence purpose and
complex programs)
 What Computer Can Do

 Business

 School

 Home

 Malls

 companies
 Research centers

 Medical centers
 What Computer Can not do?
 In case of productivity(sometime
longer to do with computer than
manual
 In case of reasoning(No reasoning)

 In case of errors (it can not make

errors)