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E_English Grammar Course

Unit 7
Lecture 7 - Adverbials
Issues

1. Units realizing adverbial functions


2. Classes of adverbials
3. Adjuncts
4. Disjuncts
5. Conjuncts
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1 Units realizing adverbial functions

Realization of adverbials

Adverb phrases Finite clause

Noun phrases Non-finite clause

Prepositional phrases Verbless clause


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1 Units realizing adverbial functions


Realization of adverbials

Adverb phrases Finite


E.g.: I have clause
never been there.

Noun phrases Non-finite clause

Prepositional phrases Verbless clause


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1 Units realizing adverbial functions


Realization of adverbials

Adverb phrases Finite clause

Noun phrases E.g.: INon-finite


saw her last week.
clause

Prepositional phrases Verbless clause


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1 Units realizing adverbial functions


Realization of adverbials

Adverb phrases Finite clause

Noun phrases Non-finite clause

Prepositional phrases E.g.: She sat in aclause


Verbless dark corner.
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1 Units realizing adverbial functions


Realization of adverbials

Adverb phrases Finite clause

E.g.: When I came to the club, I saw James sitting alone


at theNoun phrases
window table. Non-finite clause

Prepositional phrases Verbless clause


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1 Units realizing adverbial functions


Realization of adverbials

Adverb phrases Finite clause

Noun phrases Non-finite clause

Prepositional phrases
infinitive Verbless-ed
-ing participle clause
participle

He plays to win. Seeing Tom, she Whenever left alone,


smiles. he cried.
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1 Units realizing adverbial functions


Realization of adverbials

Adverb phrases Finite clause

Noun phrases Non-finite clause

Prepositional phrases Verbless clause

E.g.: The baby was playing, unaware of the danger.


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2 Classes of Adverbials
ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS Integrated in clause structure

DISJUNCTS
Peripheral in clause structure
CONJUNCTS
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2 Classes of Adverbials
ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS 1. can’t appear initially in a negative
declarative clause.
DISJUNCTS
E.g. Quickly, they didn’t leave home.
CONJUNCTS
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2 Classes of Adverbials
ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS 2. can be contrasted with another
adverbial in an alternative
DISJUNCTS
interrogation (as focus of clause
CONJUNCTS interrogation)
E.g. Does he write to his parents
because he misses them, or only
because he wants some money?
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2 Classes of Adverbials
ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS3. can be contrasted with another
adverbial in alternative negation
DISJUNCTS
(as focus of clause negation)
CONJUNCTSE.g. We didn’t hate him because of
his appearance, but because of his bad
behavior.
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2 Classes of Adverbials
ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS 1. can appear initially before a
negative clause in most cases
DISJUNCTS
E.g.: Naturally, he didn’t come.
CONJUNCTS (adjunct)
Therefore, he couldn’t come.
(conjunct)
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2 Classes of Adverbials
ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS
2. cannot be contrasted with
DISJUNCTS another adverbial in alternative
interrogation.
CONJUNCTS
3. cannot be focus of clause
negation
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2 Classes of Adverbials
ADVERBIALS ADJUNCTS
Can serve as a response to a Y-N
DISJUNCTS
question.
E.g.: A: Will he be there?
B: Yes, probably.

CONJUNCTS
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3 Adjuncts
SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF ADJUNCTS

1. Adjuncts can come within the scope of predication pro-form


or predication ellipsis.
E.g.: John greatly admires Bob, and so does Mary.
 John greatly admires Bob, and Mary greatly admires Bob.
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3 Adjuncts
SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF ADJUNCTS

2. Adjuncts can be the focus of limiter adverbials such as "only".


E.g.: They only want the car for an hour (for 3 hour not for longer).
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3 Adjuncts
SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF ADJUNCTS

3. Adjuncts can be the focus of a cleft sentence.


E.g.: It was when he started speaking that I realized he
was the man I met at the bar.
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3 Adjuncts

ADVERB PHRASES AS ADJUNCTS

1. Can constitute a comparative construction

E.g.: John speaks English more fluently than his brother does.

2. Have premodifying “however”

E.g.: However strongly you feel about it, you should be cautious

in the way you talk.


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3 Adjuncts

ADVERB PHRASES AS ADJUNCTS

3. Have premodifying “how”


E.g.: How often does she wash her hair?
How carelessly does he drive?
4. Have premodifying “so” (+ inversion)
E.g.: So monotonously did he speak that everybody feel asleep.
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3 Adjuncts

viewpoint
focusing
intensifier
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS process
subject
place
time
others
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3 Adjuncts

viewpoint
+ = ‘if we consider what we
focusing are saying from a [adj. phrase]
intensifier point of view’
TYPES OF + usually in initial position
ADJUNCTS process
E.g.: Geographically (speaking),
subject Vietnam is a diverse country.

place Business wise, it’s not a good


idea to open a fast food
time restaurant in this area.
others
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3 Adjuncts
limiters
viewpoint
focusing exclusives
alone, just, only, purely, simply
intensifier
TYPES OF particularizes
ADJUNCTS process
chiefly, especially, mainly, etc.
subject additives
place also, either, even, neither, nor, too,
time as well as, in addition

others
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3 Adjuncts

viewpoint emphasizers
focusing clearly, definitely, etc.
maximizers
intensifier amplifiers completely, etc.
TYPES OF boosters
ADJUNCTS process
by far, well, etc.
subject downtoners
compromisers kind of, quite, etc.
place
diminishers partly, slightly, etc.
time a bit, barely, etc.
minimizers
others approximators almost, nearly, etc.
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3 Adjuncts

viewpoint
focusing + = in that way/ that way
+ co-occur with dynamic verbs,
intensifier
TYPES OF not stative verbs
ADJUNCTS process
+ favor final conditions
subject
E.g.: They live frugally.
place Tear gas indiscriminatively
time sprayed on the protesters.

others
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3 Adjuncts

viewpoint
focusing manner
intensifier E.g.: They walked in single file.
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS process means
subject E.g.: I go to school by car.

place instrument
time E.g.: You can cut the apple with that knife.

others
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3 Adjuncts

viewpoint
focusing
general
intensifier
TYPES OF With great unease, they elected him as
ADJUNCTS process their leader.

subject volitional
place deliberately, intentionally, on purpose,
willingly, with reluctance, etc.
time
formulaic
others please, humbly, cordially, kindly, etc.
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3 Adjuncts

viewpoint + denote position, direction,


movement, and passage
focusing + most are prepositional phrases;
intensifier adverb phrases and noun phrases
TYPES OF used frequently
ADJUNCTS process + used only with verbs of motions or
subject other dynamic verbs denoting
direction
place
E.g.: I’ll miss you downstairs.
time We’re moving some furniture
into the kitchen.
others
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3 Adjuncts

viewpoint
focusing
intensifier
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS process
direction
subject
I take the book from the shelf.
place She ran past the church.

position
time
I live in a small village.
others He is over there.
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3 Adjuncts

viewpoint
when
focusing
intensifier duration
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS process
subject frequency

place
other relationships
time
others
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3 Adjuncts

viewpoint
when
focusing
+ boundary of time
intensifier duration
TYPES OF E.g.: afterwards
ADJUNCTS process + point of time
E.g.: today, tomorrow
frequency
subject
place
other relationships
time
others
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3 Adjuncts

viewpoint
when
focusing
intensifier duration
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS process
+ length of time
subject frequency
E.g.: briefly
place + from the preceding
other
point relationships
in time
time
E.g.: since
others
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3 Adjuncts
+ indefinite
viewpoint - usual occurrence: E.g.: usually
when
focusing - continuous/continual:
E.g.: always
intensifier - high: E.g.: often
duration
TYPES OF
process - low/zero: occasionally, never
ADJUNCTS
subject frequency

place + definite
other relationships
- period: E.g.: daily
time
- number: E.g.: twice
others
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3 Adjuncts

viewpoint
when
focusing
intensifier duration
TYPES OF
ADJUNCTS process
subject frequency

place
other relationships
time
first, next, then, still, yet, already, etc.
others
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3 Adjuncts

viewpoint
focusing
intensifier
TYPES OF + expressing purpose, cause, reason,
ADJUNCTS process
source or origin
subject
E.g.: He took the book from me.
The symbolically buried the car
place
as a protest against pollution.
time
others
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3 Adjuncts

RELATIVE POSITION OF ADJUNCTS

1. In final position: process – place - time


E.g. He was working with his shears (process) in the garden (place) the whole
morning (time).
2. The normal relative order can be changed to suit the desire for end-focus.
3. A clause normally comes after other structures to avoid ambiguity
E.g. We stood talking for a very long time (A1) where the fire has been (A2).
4. Longer adjuncts tend to follow shorter adjuncts.
E.g. I was studying earlier (A1) in the university library (A2).
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4 Disjuncts

DISJUNCTS

Style disjuncts
Most disjuncts are prepositional
phrases or clause
Attitudinal disjuncts
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4 Disjuncts

DISJUNCTS

Style disjuncts • convey the speaker’s comment on


the form of what he is saying,
Attitudinal disjuncts defining in some way under what
conditions he is speaking
E.g.: Seriously, do you intend to retire?
Personally, I don’t approve of her.
Very frankly, I am tired.
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4 Disjuncts

DISJUNCTS

Style disjuncts
• convey the speaker’s comment on the
Attitudinal disjuncts content of what he is saying
• generally appear only on declarative
clauses
E.g.: Obviously, no one expected us.
Understandably, they were all
annoyed when reading the letter.
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5 Conjuncts

CONJUNCTS 1. Most conjuncts are adverb phrases


or prepositional phrases.
2. The normal position for most conjuncts
is initial.
3. Conjuncts often have a separate
tone unit.
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5 Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS

Enumerative Result

Reinforcing Inferential

Equative Reformulatory

Transitional Replacive

Summative Antithetic

Apposition Concessive

Temporal transition
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5 Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS

Enumerative Result

Reinforcing Inferential
first, second, third…; one, two, three…; for one thing,
Equativething; for a start, to begin with, next, then…
for another Reformulatory

Transitional Replacive

Summative Antithetic

Apposition Concessive

Temporal transition
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5 Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS

Enumerative Result

Reinforcing Inferential

Equative Reformulatory
also, further more, moreover, in addition, above all,
Transitional
what is more, then (informal), etc. Replacive

Summative Antithetic

Apposition Concessive

Temporal transition
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5 Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS

Enumerative Result

Reinforcing Inferential

Equative Reformulatory
equally, likewise, similarly, in the same way, etc.
Transitional Replacive

Summative Antithetic

Apposition Concessive

Temporal transition
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5 Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS

Enumerative Result

Reinforcing Inferential

Equative Reformulatory
by the way, incidentally, etc.
Transitional Replacive

Summative Antithetic

Apposition Concessive

Temporal transition
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5 Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS

Enumerative Result

Reinforcing Inferential

Equative Reformulatory
then, (all) in all, in conclusion, to sum up, etc.
Transitional Replacive

Summative Antithetic

Apposition Concessive

Temporal transition
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5 Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS

Enumerative Result

Reinforcing Inferential

Equative Reformulatory
namely, in other words, for instance,
Transitional that is, that is to say, for example, etc.Replacive

Summative Antithetic

Apposition Concessive

Temporal transition
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5 Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS

Enumerative Result

Reinforcing Inferential
consequently, hence, thus, so, therefore, as a result, etc.
Equative Reformulatory

Transitional Replacive

Summative Antithetic

Apposition Concessive

Temporal transition
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5 Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS

Enumerative Result

Reinforcing Inferential

Equative Reformulatory
else, otherwise, then, in other words, in that case, etc.
Transitional Replacive

Summative Antithetic

Apposition Concessive

Temporal transition
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5 Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS

Enumerative Result

Reinforcing Inferential

Equative Reformulatory

Transitional Replacive
better, rather, in other words, etc.
Summative Antithetic

Apposition Concessive

Temporal transition
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5 Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS

Enumerative Result

Reinforcing Inferential
alternatively, rather, on the other hand, etc.Reformulatory
Equative

Transitional Replacive

Summative Antithetic

Apposition Concessive

Temporal transition
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5 Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS

Enumerative Result

Reinforcing Inferential

Equative instead, then, on the contrary, in contrast,


Reformulatory
by comparison, on the other hand, etc.
Transitional Replacive

Summative Antithetic

Apposition Concessive

Temporal transition
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5 Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS

Enumerative Result

Reinforcing Inferential

anyhow,
Equative anyway, besides, else, however,Reformulatory
still
nevertheless, yet, in any case, at any rate, after
Transitional
all
Replacive
in spite of that, on the other hand, all the same, etc.
Summative Antithetic

Apposition Concessive

Temporal transition
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5 Conjuncts
CONJUNCTS

Enumerative Result

Reinforcing Inferential

Equative Reformulatory

Transitional Replacive

Summative Antithetic
meantime, meanwhile, in the mean time, etc.
Apposition Concessive

Temporal transition

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