HOW TO GENERATE MEANI NGFUL NUMBERS

AND TRANSMI T THEM

Identification Numbers And
Check Digit Schemes
Identification Numbers and their Need
Identification numbers are used to identify
individual items, specific products, people, accounts
or documents.
Examples :
Universal product code ( UPC )
Driving license number
International standard book numbers (ISBNs)
Bank account Number
Types of Identification Numbers
Numeric Identification Numbers
Alphanumeric Identification Numbers
Variety Pack of Just
Juicy with UPC
0-53600-10054-0
Here 0 is the check
digit
ISBN 0-201-52032-X for
David Lays Linear
Algebra book
Here X is the check digit
Creating meaningful numbers
a1 Specific Use
0 General groceries
2 Meat produce
3 Dugs and health product
4 Non food items
5 Coupons
6,7 Other items
1,8,9 Reserved for future use
a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 a8 a9 a10 a11 a12
Item
type
Manufacturer identification Product identification Check
digit
Hash Function
Hashing is the process of taking a certain amount of
information and storing that data in an identification
number that represent the original information.

Ashish Arya(hashing Function) ARYA*A*
Neha Singh Bhati(hashing Function) BHATINS
Shubham Tayal(hashing Function) TAYALS*
Collision
A collision occurs when a hash function assigns
the same identification number to two different
pieces of information.

Tanmay Sharma (hashing Function) SHARMT*
Tanya Sharma (hashing Function) SHARMT*
Transmission Error
Error Type Form Relative Frequency
Single Digit a->b 79.1%
Transposition of adjacent digit ab->ba 10.2%
Jump Transposition abc->cba 0.8%
Twin aa->bb 0.5%
Phonetic a0->1a 0.5%
Jump Twin aca->bcb 0.3%
Methods by which receiver can recognize when an identification number has been
transmitted incorrectly are called Check Digit Schemes.
Modulo Arithmetic
It gives the remainder r when x is divided by n.

X(mod n)=r
79(mod 6)=1 : 79 = 13*6 + 1
132(mod 15)=12 : 132 = 8*15 +12
6(mod 20)=6 : 6=o*20+6
Creating Drivers License Number
a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 a8 a9 a10 a11 a12
Five letters of surname First
letter of
name
First
letter of
middle
name
100-(year
of birth)
Check
digit
Month
of
birth
code
Day of
the
month
a10=|a1-a2+a3-a4+a5-a6+a7-a8+a9-a11+a12| (mod 10)
First Error is caught but not the second
UPC check digit scheme
(3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1).(a1,a2,a3,a4,a5,a6,a7,a8,a9,a10,
a11,a12)=0 (mod 10)
Catches all single digit errors but does not catch
transposition of adjacent digit error.

ISBN check digit scheme
(10,9,8,7,65,4,3,2,1).(a1,a2,a3,a4,a5,a6,a7,a8,a9,a10)=
0(mod 11)

It catches all single digit errors and transposition of
adjacent digit errors.

It is valid only for 10 digit identification number and it
uses a 11
th
character called X.
Group Theory
If a non empty set G has an operation * associated with it, G
is called a group when the following property holds
i. Closure
ii. Associativity
iii. Identity
iv. Inverse
The set {-2,-1,0,1,2,3.} is closed under the operation of
addition, is associative have identity(0) and inverse(-a).
Group Theory Continued
Decagon
Dihedral Group D10
Cayley Table for dihedral group D10
Verhoeff Check Digit Scheme
Let a1,a2,a3..a
n
be an identification number with
check digit a
n
. The check digit a
n
is appended to the
number such that a1,a2,a3..a
n-1
satisfies following
equation

n-1
(a
1
)
n-2
(a
2
)
n-3
(a
3
) (a
n-1
)*a
n
=0

=(0)(1,4)(2,3)(5,6,7,8,9) and * is the group operation
on d10 as presented in previous slide.
German Bundesbank Check Digit Scheme
Consider the identification number a
1
a
2
a
3
a
4
a
5
a
6
a
7
a
8
a
9
a
10

a
11
with check digit a
11
. The check digit a
11
is appended to the
number a
1
a
2
a
3
a
4
a
5
a
6
a
7
a
8
a
9
a
10
such that the following
equation is satisfied:

1
(a
1
)*
2
(a
2
) *
3
(a
3
)* *
10
(a
11
)*a
11
=0
Where
=(0,1,5,8,9,4,2,7)(3,6)
* is the operation on the group D10
And the letter conversion takes place as given in table below
The numerical
equivalent of
GK7042314s5 is
23704231465.
The calculation
shows that it is
a valid number
German bank
note number
AK7320671s3
would be
invalid. Its
numerical
equivalent is
03732067163.
The
calculation
shows that
this number is
invalid.