GSM-To-UMTS Training Series 01 - Principles of The WCDMA System - V1.0

Internal
Principles of the WCDMA System

GSM-to-UMTS Training Series_V1.0
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Huawei Confidential
Date 2008-10-25 2008-12-31
Version 1.0 1.1
Description Draft Completed. Updated the access technology in the latest products in page 8. Added the comparison of frequency computation between the GSM and the WCDMA in page 13. Added the comparison of encoding process in page 27. Added explanations about closed loop power control in page 66. Added explanations about handover in page 79.
Author Zang Liang Dong Qihuan
2009-01-14
1.11
Added information about EGSM/RGEM frequency bands in page 10. Added handover modes and interference modes to the major differences between the GSM and the UMTS in page 11. Added the method of computing frequencies at the EGSM/RGEM frequency bands in page 13. Added association control channels in page 47.
Kuang Jun
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Objectives
After studying this course, you will be able to:
Know the similarities and differences between the GSM and the WCDMA technologies. Master the basic principles of the CDMA technology.
Master the structure and radio interfaces of the WCDMA system.

Master the principle of WCDMA radio resource management.
Know technical features of the WCDMA FDD.
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Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction: GSM and WCDMA Chapter 2 Overview of CDMA Principles Chapter 3 WCDMA Radio Interface Physical Channel Chapter 4 Overview of Radio Resource Management Chapter 5 Technical Features of WCDMA FDD
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Evolution from GSM to WCDMA

GSM Mainly designed for the speech service Theoretical rate/actual rate: 64 kbit/s/9.6 kbit/s
GPRS
Supports higher data rates through the introduction of packet channels Theoretical rate/actual rate: 171.2 kbit/s/20 kbit/s-40 kbit/s With the introduction of new modulation mode, the theoretical rate is three times higher than that of the GPRS Theoretical rate/actual rate: about 473.6 kbit/s/100 kbit/s
EDGE
WCDMA
Has the capability of high-speed data access and provide various services Theoretical rate/actual rate: R99 and R4: 2 Mbit/s/384 kbit/s R5 (HSDPA): 14.4 Mbit/s/1 Mbit/s higher
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Multiple Access Technology - Distinguish Different Users

FDMA
Power
CDMA
TDMA
Power
Power
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Comparison of Multiple Access Technology Between the GSM and the WCDMA
GSM: FDMA + TDMA
Bandwidth of a single carrier: 200 kHz Weak anti-interference capability. C/I: > 9 dB
WCDMA: FDMA + CDMA

Bandwidth of a single carrier: 5 MHz Strong anti-interference capability. C/I: > -8 dB
With eight timeslots for a single carrier, the system capacity is relatively fixed. It can be estimated according to the timeslot quantity.
Since different users occupy different timeslots, they rarely interfere with each other.
The capacity is not fixed (soft capacity), closely related to user distribution, service type, and interference.
Users interfere with each other. They must be well controlled.
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Comparison of Radio Access Technology Between the GSM and the WCDMA
GSM
Source coding
FR: RPELTP coding, 13 kbit/s EFR: enhancing the voice quality, 13 kbit/s HR: increasing the system capacity, 6.5 kbit/s AMR coding
Channel coding Channelization Modulation technology Power control technology
Convolutional code (1/2) Packed in the pulse mode, data is sent out in different timeslots. GMSK, 8PSK (EDGE) Slow power control (2 Hz)
WCDMA AMR: eight types of speech rates Compatible with the coding of current mainstream mobile communication systems, helpful for designing multimode terminals Provided with the traffic-adaptive capability: able to automatically adjust the speech rate so that the system can balance between the coverage, capacity, and speech quality Speech service: convolutional code (1/2 and 1/3) High-speed data service: Turbo code Through spread spectrum and scrambling, data is combined and outputted. QPSK, 16QAM (HSDPA) Fast power control (1500 Hz): used to restrain fading
Transmit diversity
Receiving technology (antifading)
Transmit diversity (BTS3012)

Space diversity and polarization diversity The effect similar to that of the frequency diversity can be realized through frequency hopping.
Transmit diversity
Space diversity and polarization diversity Frequency diversity: rake receiver
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Comparison Between GSM and WCDMA Network Interfaces

GSM NSS
A Gb IuCS
WCDMA Core Network

IuPS
Iu RNS
Iur
BSS
BSC
Abis Abis
RNS
RNC
Iub
RNC
Iub Iub
Iub
BTS
BTS
Node B
Node B
Node B
Node B
Sector = Cell. One cell can include multiple carriers. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
One sector can include multiple cells. Cell = Carrier
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Comparison Between GSM and WCDMA Protocols

GSM L3: BSSAP A/Iu-CS L2: MTP L1: E1 L3: RANAP L2: ATM L1: E1 or STM1 WCDMA
L3: BTSM
Abis/Iub L2: LAPD L1: E1 L3: RR L2 (data link layer): LAPDm
L3: NBAP
L2: ATM L1: E1 or STM1 RRC L2 (data link layer): RLC/MAC L1 (radio frequency band) (MHz):
Radio interface
Major frequency band: 1920-1980 / 2110-2170 L1 (radio frequency band) (MHz): 890-915/935-960 1710-1785/1805-1880 Supplementary frequency band: 17101785/1805-1880 (In China, only 30 MHz in the high frequency band serves as a supplementary frequency band.)
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Major Differences Between WCDMA and GSM Air Interfaces

GSM Carrier spacing Frequency reuse coefficient 200 kHz 1-18 Frequency + BSIC 2 Hz or lower Network planning (frequency planning) 5 MHz 1 Frequency + Scrambling code 1500 Hz Algorithm of radio resource management The 3.84-MHz bandwidth enables the network to use the rake receiver for multipath diversity Packet scheduling based on loads Supported for increasing the capacity of downlinks WCDMA
Method for differentiating cells

Power control frequency QoS control
Frequency diversity
Frequency hopping
Timeslot-based scheduling in the GPRS Not supported by the standards but applicable
Packet data Downlink transmit diversity
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Allocation of 3G Spectrum
1850 1900 1950 2000
2010 MHz
2050
2100
2150
2200
2250
ITU
1885 MHz
IMT 2000
GSM 1800 DECT
1805 MHz
cellular(1)
MSS 2025 MHz
IMT 2000
2110 MHz
MSS
2170 MHz
Europe
UMTS
cellular(2)
MSS 1980 MHz

2025 MHz
UMTS
MSS
1880 MHz
cellular(2) CDMA
1865
China
GSM 1800
FDD TDD WLL WLL

1920 1945
CDMA
FDD WLL
1960 1980
1885
1895
1918
2170 MHz
Japan
1865 1870
C PHS
IMT A 2000
1945 1965 1970 1975 1930
MSS
IMT A. 2000
MSS
1885 1890 1895
1910
1990 MHz
2165 MHz Broadcast auxiliary Reserve MSS
USA
PCS
A D B EF C A D B EF C
MSS
1850
1900
1950
2000
2050
2100
2150
2200
2250
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Comparison of Frequency Computation Between the WCDMA and the GSM

Computing WCDMA frequencies
Main working bands: 19201980 MHz/21102170 MHz Formula for computing WCDMA frequencies: Frequency number = Frequency x 5 Central frequency number of uplink: 96129888 Central frequency number of downlink: 1056210838 Supplementary working bands: 17551785 MHz/18501880 MHz The currently existing GSM frequency bands of China Mobile and China Union can be used for the WCDMA later.
Computing GSM frequencies

GSM900: BS reception: f1 (n) = 890 + n x 0.2 MHz BS transmission: f2 (n) = f1 (n) + 45 MHz GSM1800: BS reception: f1 (n) = 1710 + (n 511) x 0.2 MHz BS transmission: f2 (n) = f1 (n) + 95 MHz
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Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction: GSM and WCDMA Chapter 2 Overview of CDMA Principles Chapter 3 WCDMA Radio Interface Physical Channel Chapter 4 Overview of Radio Resource Management
Chapter 5 Technical Features of WCDMA FDD
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Overview of CDMA Principles
Radio Propagation Environment Multiple Access Technology and
Duplex Technology
CDMA Principles and Rake Receiver
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Multipath Environment
Tx signals
Rx signals Intensity Time
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Fading
Tx data
Rx data
0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40
dB
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Fading
Rx power (dBm) -20
Fast fading Slow fading
-40
-60
10
20
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Distance (m)
Frequency-Selective Fading
Intensity Intensity
Narrowband system (GSM)

Tx signals
Large fading
Frequency
Rx fading signals
Frequency
Intensity
Intensity
Broadband system (CDMA)
Large fading Frequency Tx signals Rx fading signals Frequency
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Classification of Typical Radio Mobile Channels

Static channels (static) Pedestrian channels in typical urban areas (TU3) Vehicle-mounted channels in typical urban areas (TU30) Vehicle-mounted channels in rural areas (RA50) Vehicle-mounted channels on expressways (HT120)
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Duplex Technology
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Duplex Technology Distinguish Users UL and DL Signal

Frequency division duplex (FDD): Distinguish uplink and downlink according to
frequencies.
Adopted by the WCDMA and CDMA2000
Advantage: It can be easily implemented. Disadvantage: The spectrum utilization is low when the uplink and downlink services (mainly the data services) are asymmetrical.
Time division duplex (TDD): Distinguish uplink and downlink according to timeslots.
Adopted by the TD-SCDMA Advantage: The uplink and downlink can be allocated with different numbers of timeslots when the uplink and downlink services are asymmetrical. Therefore, the spectrum utilization is high. Disadvantage: It cannot be easily implemented and needs precise synchronization. In the CDMA system, GPS synchronization is needed.
When it is used with the CDMA technology, it is difficult to control interference between the uplink and the downlink.
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Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Multiple users share a same frequency at the same time. This greatly
improves spectrum utilization. Users are identified through pseudo numbers.

The CDMA system supports soft capacity.
For all the users, the system performance deteriorates when the number of users increases. Contrarily, the system performance improves when the number of users decreases. That is, the CDMA system can obtain larger capacity by deteriorating parts of the system performance.
Disadvantages of the CDMA system:
It occupies a wide bandwidth. It is a self-interference system. This causes mutual interference between users.
It is difficult to implement such technologies as power control and load control.
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Duplex Technology
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Common Terms
Bit, symbol and chip
Bit (bit/s): the data that is obtained upon source coding and contains information. Symbol (sps): the data obtained upon channel coding and interleaving. Chip (cps): the data obtained upon final spreading.
The spreading rate of WCDMA is: 3.84 Mcps
Processing gain
It refers to the ratio of the final spreading rate to the bit rate (cps/bit/s).
In the WCDMA system, the processing gain depends on the specific service.
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Spreading Factor and Service Rate

Symbol rate = (service rate + check code) channel code
repetition or punching rate

For WCDMA, if the service rate is 384 Kbit/s and the channel code is 1/3 Turbo, the symbol rate is 960 Kbit/s. For CDMA2000-1x, if the service rate is 9.6 Kbit/s and the channel code is 1/3 convolutional code, the symbol rate is 19.2 Kbit/s.
Chip rate = symbol rate spreading factor
For WCDMA, if the chip rate is 3.84 MHz and the spreading factor is 4, the symbol rate is 960 Kbit/s.
For CDMA2000-1x, if the chip rate is 1.2288 MHz and the spreading factor is 64, the symbol rate is 19.2 Kbit/s.
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Basic Block Diagram of CDMA System
Source coding
Channel Interleaving coding and interleaving
Spreading
Scrambling
Modulation
RF emission
Radio channel
Source decoding
Dedeinterleaving interleaving RF De-spreading Descrambling Demodulation Channel reception decoding
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Source Coding in WCDMA

The WCDMA system adopts the adaptive multi-rate (AMR) speech coding.
A total of eight coding modes are available. The coding rate ranges from 12.2 Kbit/s to 4.75 Kbit/s.
Multiple voice rates are compatible with the coding modes used by current mainstream mobile communication systems. This facilitates the design of multimode terminals. The system automatically adjusts the voice rate according to the distance between the user and the NodeB, thus reducing the number of handovers and call drop. The system automatically decreases the voice rate of some users according to the cell load, thus saving power and containing more users.
Source coding
Interleaving Spreading coding and

interleaving
Channel
Scrambling Modulation
RF emission
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Channel Coding in WCDMA

Channel coding can enhance symbol correlation to recover signals in
the case of interference.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Code type
Voice service: convolutional code (1/2 and 1/3). Data service: Turbo code (1/3).
Source coding
Interleaving coding and Spreading

interleaving
Channel
Scrambling
Modulation
RF emission
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Interleaving
Interleaving is used to disarrange symbol correlation and reduce the impact
caused by fast fading and interference of the channel. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ...

Ist interleaving A4 A5 A6 A7 B0 1 9 17 25 . . B1 2 10 18 26 . . B2 3 11 19 27 . . B3 4 12 20 28 . . B4 5 13 21 29 . . B5 6 14 22 30 . . B6 7 15 23 31 . . B7 8 16 24 32 . . C0 C1 C2 C3
... 452 453 454
....
....
449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456

2nd interleaving
{A4,B0}
{A5,B1} {A6,B2} {A7,B3} {B4,C0}
{B5,C1}
{B6,C2}
{B7,C3}
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Spreading Principle
Users who need to send information: UE1, UE2 and UE3
UE1 uses c1 for spreading: UE1 x c1 UE2 uses c2 for spreading: UE2 x c2 UE3 uses c3 for spreading: UE3 x c3 c1, c2 and c3 are orthogonal to each other
Information sent: UE1 x c1 + UE2 x c2 + UE3 x c3
Source coding

interleaving
Channel
Scrambling
Modulation
RF emission
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De-spreading Principle
UE1 uses c1 for de-spreading.

(UE1 x c1 + UE2 x c2 + UE3 x c3) x c1
= UE1 x (c1 x c1) + UE2 x (c2 x c1) + UE3 x (c3 x c1) = UE1 x 1 + UE2 x 0 + UE3 x 0 = UE1
In the same way, UE2 uses c2 for de-spreading and UE3 uses c3 for de-spreading to get their own signals.
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Spreading and De-spreading (DS-CDMA)

Symbol
Data
1 -1 Chip
Spreading
1 -1
Spreading code
Spreading signal = Data x Code word
1 -1
Despreading
Spreading code
1 -1 Data = Spreading signal x Code word 1 -1
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Spreading Principle
____________ UE1: UE2: c1: c2: UE1c1: UE2c2: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 _____________ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
UE1c1 UE2c2:
0 2 0 2
0 2 0 2
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De-spreading Principle
UE1c1 UE2c2
UE1 de-spreading with c1: De-spreading result: Integral: Decision: UE2 de-spreading with c2: De-spreading result: Integral: Decision :
-2 0
-2 -1 +2
0 +1 0
+2 0 +2 -1 +1 -1 -2 0 -4 -4/4 = -1 -2
+1 -1 +1 0 +2 0 +4 +4/4 = +1
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 0 -2 -4 -4/4 = -1 0 -2 0 +2 0 +2 +4 +4/4 = +1
Question: How to generate those orthogonal codes like c1 and c2?

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If error codes occur in the propagation process

UE1 c1 + UE2 c2: 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 1 2 0 2
UE1 c1 + UE2 c2 error code: 2 2 0 2
UE1 uses c1 for de-spreading: c1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

De-spreading result: Integral detection: Normalization: 2 2 0 2 6 +6/4=1.5 0 2 0 2 4 - 4/4= -1
UE1 uses c2 for de-spreading: c2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 De-spreading result: Integral detection: 2 2 0 2 2 0 2 0 2 4
Normalization:
2/4=0.5
4/4=1
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OVSF and Walsh

Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1) Cch,2,0 = (1,1) Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1) Cch,1,0 = (1) Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1) Cch,2,1 = (1,-1) Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1) SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
OVSF codes (Walsh) are completely orthogonal and their mutual correlation is zero.
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Use of OVSF Code

Over downlink channels, OVSF codes are used to differentiate users. Over uplink channels, OVSF codes are used to differentiate the services
of a user.
Typical Service AMR Modem 28.8 kbit/s 12.2 kbit/s AMR and 64 kbit/s packet data 12.2 kbit/s AMR and 144 kbit/s packet data 12.2 kbit/s AMR and 384 kbit/s packet data Data Rate (bit/s) 12.2 + 3.4 28.8 + 3.4 Downlink SF 128 64 Uplink SF 64 32
12.2 + 64 + 3.4
12.2 + 144 + 3.4 12.2+384+3.4
32
16 8
16
8 4
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Scrambling in the WCDMA System
Downlink: Different cells (sector carrier frequencies) have different downlink scrambling codes.
Each cell is configured with a unique downlink scrambling code. The UE identifies a cell based on the scrambling code.
OVSF codes are used to differentiate different users in a cell.
Uplink: Scrambles are used to differentiate different users.

In a cell, each user is configured with a unique uplink scrambling code. OVSF codes are used to differentiate the services of a user.
Source coding

interleaving
Channel
Scrambling
Modulation
RF emission
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WCDMA Scrambling Code: G old Sequence

Over downlink channels, OVSF codes are used to differentiate
users. There are 224 uplink long scrambling codes and 224 uplink short scrambling codes.
Over downlink channels, scrambling codes are used to differentiate
cells (sectors/carriers). There are (218 - 1 = ) 262143 scrambling codes on the downlink. Currently, however, only the primary scrambling codes in the
scrambling codes from No.0 to No.8191 are used.

A scrambling code is repeated every 10 ms. It is 38400 chips long.
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Primary and Secondary Scrambling Codes

Primary scrambling code 0
Secondary scrambling code 1
8192 scrambling codes
Downlink scrambling code
Set 0
Set 1 Set 511
512 sets Secondary scrambling code 5111615
Each set contains 1 primary scrambling code and 15 secondary scrambling codes.
Currently, the system mainly uses primary scrambling codes.

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Primary Scrambling Codes and Scrambling Code Groups Primary scrambling

code 0 Primary scrambling code 1
512 scrambling codes
Downlink scrambling code
Group 0
Group 1 Group 63
64 groups
Each group contains eight scrambling codes, one of which is the primary scrambling code.
Scrambling code planning in the network planning is to plan and allocate the 512 primary scrambling codes.
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Spreading/De-spreading Principle Explanations for Frequency Domain

Eb/No = Ec/Io Gain
Power spectrum
a2Tbit = Ebit Eb/No required Allowed maximum interference level
Gain
Power sharable for all users
Other user interference signals
Echip
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Spectrum Change in CDMA

Spreading code P(f) P(f)
f Broadband signal f Narrowband signal Noise f P (f)
Separation of signals and noise P (f)
Signal combination f Spreading code
Noise + broadband signal P (f)
The CDMA broadband spreading technology effectively avoids frequency-selective fading of radio channels.
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Rake Receiver
Receiving path 1
Receiving path 2 Front-end receiver Receiving path 3
Signal synthesizer
Consolidate signals
Delay estimator
Compute delay and phase deflection
s(t)
s(t)
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Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction: GSM and WCDMA Chapter 2 Overview of CDMA Principles Chapter 3 WCDMA Radio Interface Physical Channel Chapter 4 Overview of Radio Resource Management Chapter 5 Technical Features of WCDMA FDD
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Mapping of Channel Function Between the GSM and the WCDMA

GSM FCCH: frequency correction channel
Cell SCH: synchronization channel search BCCH: broadcast control channel
Paging PCH: paging channel Uplink: RACH: random access channel SDCCH: stand-alone dedicated control channel Access Downlink: AGCH: access grant channel SDCCH: standalone dedicated control channel Speech TCH: traffic channel service Data PDCH: packet data channel service HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
WCDMA (P)CPICH: (Primary) common pilot channel SCH: s ynchronization channel, but has different functions from that in the GSM system P-CCPCH: primary common control physical channel PICH: page indicator channel, helpful for power saving on a terminal S-CCPCH: secondary common control physical channel Uplink: PRACH: physical random access channel Downlink: AICH: acquisition indication channel S-CCPCH: secondary common control physical channel DPDCH: dedicated physical data control channel DPDCH: d edicated physical data control channel HS-PDSCH: high-speed physical downlink shared channel HS-SCCH: high-speed shared control channel HS-DPCCH: high-speed dedicated control channel
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Classification of WCDMA Channels

In terms of protocol layer, the WCDMA radio interface has three
channels: Logical channel: Carrying user services directly

According to the types of the carried services, it is divided into two types: control channel and service channel.
Transport channel : Provided service for MAC layer by the physical layer
According to whether the information transported is dedicated information for a user or common information for all users, it is divided into dedicated channel and common channel.
Physical channel: It is the final form of all kinds of information when they are transmitted on radio interfaces.
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Logical Channels
Broadcast Control Channel BCCH Paging control channel Dedicate control channel (PCCH) (DCCH)
CCH
Common control channel
(CCCH)
Dedicated traffic channel Common traffic channel
(DTCH) (CTCH)
TCH
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Transport Channels
Dedicated Channel (DCH)
-DCH can be uplink or downlink channel
Dedicated transport channel
Broadcast channel Forward access channel Paging channel Random access channel
(BCH) (FACH) (PCH) (RACH) Common transport channel
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Physical Channels
Physical channels are divided into uplink and down physical channels.
A physical channel can be determined by a carrier, codes (channel code and
scrambling code), and a phase. Most channels consist of radio frames and timeslots. Each radio frame has 10 ms and consists of 15 timeslots.
Data
The timeslot concept in the WCDMA system differs greatly from that in the GSM system.
Timeslot 0 Timeslot 1
Data T timeslot = 2560 chips
Timeslot i
Timeslot 14
T = 10 ms, 38400 chips
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Uplink Physical Channel

Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel Uplink Dedicated Physical Data Channel (Uplink DPDCH) Uplink Dedicated Physical Control Channel (uplink DPCCH) Uplink Physical Channel
Uplink Common Physical Channel Physical Random Access Channel
(PRACH)
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Downlink Physical Channel

Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel (downlink DPCH)
Downlink Common Physical Channel Common Control Physical Channel (CCPCH) Synchronization Channel (SCH) Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) Downlink Physical Channel
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Configuration Example of Downlink Physical Channel

SCH 0,1
SF 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 Pilot channel (PICH) C(256,0):PCPICH 2 0 Used to bear broadcast C(256,1):PCCPCH 3 channels (BCHs) 0 C(256,2): AICH 6 1 C(256,3): PICH 10 0 C(64,1):SCCPCH 8 Used to bear forward 0 access channels C(64,2):SCCPCH 9 (FACHs) and paging 1 channels (PCHs) 3 0 1 Allocated to dedicated 0 physical channels 1 (DPCHs) in real time 1 2 3
Synchronization channel (SCH)
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Functions of Physical Channels

Cell broadcast channel (CBCH) P-CPICH: primary common pilot channel S-CPICH: secondary common pilot channel P-CCPCH: primary common control physical channel SCH: synchronization channel Paging channel (PCH) S-CCPCH: secondary common control physical channel PICH: paging indicator channel Random access channel (RACH) PRACH: physical random access channel
User equipment (UE)
NodeB (BS)
AICH: a cquisition indication channel

Dedicated access channel
DPDCH: d edicated physical data channel

DPCCH: dedicated physical control channel High-speed downlink shared channel HS-SCCH: high-speed shared control channel HS-PDSCH: high-speed physical downlink shared channel HS-DPCCH: high-speed dedicated control channel
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Functions of Common Physical Channels

SCH: used for cell search
Divided into P-SCH and S-SCH

CPICH: used to identify scrambling codes
Divided into P-CPICH and S-CPICH P-CPICH: Their channel codes are fixed to be Cch,256,0. They use primary scrambling codes. P-CPICH is the power benchmark of other physical downlink channels. S-CPICH: used for smart antennas
P-CCPCH: used to carry system messages
channel codes are fixed to be Cch,256,1.

Each cell must be configured with all these channels, but only
one for each type.
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Functions of Common Physical Channels

S-CCPCH: used to carry downlink signaling messages PICH: used to carry paging indicators. A PICH must be configured
with an S-CCPCH as a pair.

PRACH: used to carry uplink signaling messages
The interval for timeslot access is 5120 chips, indicating that the maximum coverage radius of a WCDMA BS is 200 km.
AICH: used to carry acquisition indications of PRACH prefix. An
AICH must be configured with a PRACH as a pair.

Each cell must be configured with all these channels, at least
one for each type.
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Functions of Dedicated Physical Channels

DPDCH: used to carry users' service data. The maximum data rate of a
single code channel is 384 kbit/s.

DPCCH: used to carry control information, and provide control data
such as demodulation and power control for DPDCHs

On the uplink, DPDCHs and DPCCHs transmit signals over different
code channels. On the downlink, DPDCHs and DPCCHs transmit signals in the mode of time multiplexing.
When the required data rate is higher than the maximum data rate of a
single code channel, the system can use multiple code channels for transmission.
Maximum uplink data rate: 384 kbit/s x 6 code channels Maximum downlink data rate: 384 kbit/s x 7 code channels
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Mapping Between Logical Channels and Transport Channels

Logical Channels
CCCH (uplink) DCCH/DTCH (uplink) BCCH (downlink) PCCH (downlink) CCCH/CTCH (downlink) DCCH/DTCH (downlink)
Transport Channels
RACH RACH DCH BCH PCH FACH DCH FACH
DTCH (downlink)
HS-DSCH
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Mapping Between Transport Channels and Physical Channels

Transport Channels
DCH RACH
Physical Channels
Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH) Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
BCH
FACH PCH
Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)

Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH) Synchronization Channel (SCH) Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)
HS-DSCH PDSCH)
High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-
HS-DSCH-related Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH)

Dedicated Physical Control Channel (uplink) for Hs-DSCH HS-DPCCH
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Contents
Huawei Confidential
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Overview of Radio Resource Management

RRMRadio Resource Management Since the WCDMA system is a self-interference system, the use of
power is incompatible in WCDMA system.

On one hand, increasing the Tx power for a user can improve the quality of service (QoS) of this user.
On the other hand, as WCDMA is self interference system, power enhancement will interfere other user and make the reception quality worse. .
Power is a final radio resource. The only way to make radio resources
utility is to strictly control the use of power.

The RRM is to manage the power by combining QoS objectives.
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Purposes of RRM
The RRM is intended to:
Ensure the QoS requested by the CN
Enhance the system coverage Improve the system capacity
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Tasks of RRM
Channel configuration: To ensure the QoS requested by the CN, the
RRM maps the QoS into some features of the access stratum and thus uses the resources at the access stratum to serve the local connection.
Power control: When the QoS requested by the CN is ensured, the RRM
minimizes the Tx power of a UE to reduce the interference of this UE to the entire system, and to improve the system capacity and coverage.
Mobility management: The RRM maintains the QoS when a UE moves. Load control: After a certain number of UEs access to the system, the
RRM must ensure that the load of the entire system retains at a stable level to ensure the QoS of each connection in the system.
QoS assurance and power saving run through the entire RRM.
Huawei Confidential
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Power ControlNear-Far Effect

The CDMA has not been put into commercial use in a large scale
since it was put forward. That is because it cannot overcome the near-far effect.
One UE can congest an entire cell All other signals are overwhelmed by the signals of a UE closest to the BS. Communications fail.
Huawei Confidential
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Purpose and Classification of Power Control

Owing to the near-far effect, the WCDMA system must introduce power
control. In addition, power control can also bring many other benefits:
Adjust the transmit power to maintain the uplink and downlink communication quality. Overcome slow and fast fading. Reduce network interference and improve the system quality and capacity.
Power control is classified into:
Open loop power control Closed loop power control - Uplink and downlink inner loop power control
- Uplink and downlink outer loop power control
Huawei Confidential
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Principles of Open Loop Power Control

Basic principle
Suppose the coupling loss between the transmit power and the received power is the same as the interference level between them. Use the previouslymeasured received power to determine the initial transmit power. If the BS fails to receive the initial transmit power, there is a retransmission mechanism for improving the power.
Basic function
To overcome slow fading and path loss

Major disadvantage
Asymmetry between the wave power of the uplink and downlink channels is not considered, so accuracy cannot be guaranteed.
Major application
Uplink: applied to PRACHs and DPCCHs Downlink: applied to DPCCHs
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Principles of Open Loop Power Control

Principles of setting initial transmit power
CPICH _ RSCP CPICH _ Pow PLDL ............................(1) X _ EcNo X _ Pow PLUL InterferenceUL ....................(2) Suppose the uplink and downlink path losses are the same: PLDL PLUL ....................(3) X _ Pow CPICH _ Pow CPICH _ RSCP InterferenceUL X _ EcNo
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Open Loop Power Control over the PRACH

BCH: Transmit power of CPICH UL interference level
RACH NodeB
The open loop power control is intended to roughly estimate the initial transmit power. It estimates the path loss and interference level according to measurement results, and thus calculates the initial transmit power.
UE
The UE measures the received power of the CPICH and calculates the initial uplink transmit power.
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One access slot AICH access slots RX at UE
Acq. Ind.
p-a
PRACH access slots TX at UE
Preamble Preamble Message part
p-p
p-m
Access process of the PRACH: A UE transmits a PRACH preamble signal over the PRACH. After a BS successfully captures the preamble signal, the BS responds with an AI over the downlink AICH. If the UE receives the AI signal, the UE transmits a PRACH message. If the UE fails to receive the AI signal at the time point pa, the UE will increase the power and transmit next preamble signal after a certain time p-p. The UE will continue such an action over and over until it receives the AI signals.
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Method for setting the transmit power of the first preamble signal over the uplink PRACH:
Preamble_Initial_Power = PCPICH DL TX power - CPICH_RSCP + UL interference + Constant Value
Note: The PCPICH DL TX power, UL Interference, and Constant Value are delivered in system messages. The CPICH_RSCP is measured by the UE.
In the early stage of network construction, the coverage is limited, so the Constant Value can be set to a larger value (-16 dB or -15dB). In this way, the network can receive the preamble signals sent by the UE in time. In addition, the parameter Power Ramp Step can also be set to a larger value to increase the network probability of capturing preamble signals. Default settings:
Constant Value: -20 dB PowerRampStep: 2 dB
PreambleRetransMax: 20
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Open Loop Power Control over the Uplink DPCCH

Method for setting the initial power of the uplink DPCCH:
DPCCH_Initial_power = DPCCH_Power_offset - CPICH_RSCP
Note: The CPICH_RSCP is measured by a UE. The DPCCH_Power_offset is the offset of the initial transmit power of the DPCCH. The RNC allocates it to a UE at the beginning of an RRC connection setup. The formula for computing it is as follows:
DPCCH_Power_offset = Primary CPICH DL TX power + UL Interference + Default Constant Value

In the formula,
the Primary CPICH DL TX power is the downlink transmit power of the P-CPICH. The UL interference is the uplink interference. The Default Constant Value is the default constant value of the initial transmit power of the DPCCH.
Understanding
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Open Loop Power Control over the Downlink DPCCH

Method for setting the initial power of the downlink DPCCH:
P = (Ec/Io) Req - CPICH_Ec/Io + PCPICH

Note: The (Ec/Io) Req is the required Ec/Io for a UE to correctly receive the dedicated
channel. The CPICH_Ec/Io is the Ec/Io of the CPICH measured by the UE, and it is reported to the UTRAN through the RACH. The PCPICH is the transmit power of the CPICH.
Understanding
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Uplink Inner Loop Power Control

Measure SIRsof received signals and compare them 1500 Hz
Inner loop Send TPC bits Set SIRtar
NodeB
The inner loop power control is intended to ensure equal bit energy for each UE signal received at the NodeB.
UE
Each UE has its own control loop.
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Uplink Inner Loop Power Control

Measure the BLER over the transport channel Obtain the service data with a stable BLER Measure BLERs of received data and compare them Measure SIRsof received signals and compare them
Outer loop
Set SIRtar Set SIRtar 10-100Hz RNC NodeB
Inner loop Send TPC bits
UE
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Downlink Inner Loop Power Control

Measure BLERs and compare them Layer 3 of the UE
Outer loop
1500 Hz
10-100 Hz Set SIRtar
Send TPC
Inner loop
NodeB
Measure SIRs and compare them
Physical layer of the UE
Downlink inner loop and outer loop power control
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Power Control Application in the WCDMA System

Physical Channel
PRACH DPCCH DPDCH PCPICH PCCPCH SCCPCH AICH PICH
Open Loop Power Control

Inner Closed Loop
Outer Closed Loop
No Power Control
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MML Commands Related to Power Control
MML commands related to open loop power control:

ADD PRACHBASIC
SET FRC
MMLcommands related to inner loop power control:

SET FRC
ADD CELLSETUP
MML commands related to outer loop power control:

ADD TYPRABOLPC SET OLPC
MMLcommands related to power balance:

SET DPB
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Classification of WCDMA Handover

Soft handover:
Soft handover Softer handover

Hard handover:
Intra-frequency hard handover Inter-frequency hard handover Inter-system handover
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Soft Handover
Data received/ sent by the UE
Source BS
Target BS
The UE moves
Time
Data received/ sent by the UE
No GAP of communication
Source BS
Target BS
The UE moves
Time
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Hard Handover
Data received/ sent by the UE Source BS Target BS
The UE moves Data received/ sent by the UE

Source BS
Time
GAP of communication
Target BS
The UE moves
Time
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Contents
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Technical Specifications of WCDMA FDD

BS synchronous mode: supports asynchronous and synchronous BS operation Signal bandwidth: 5 MHz; chip rate: 3.84 Mcps Transmit diversity mode: TSTD, STTD, and FBTD Channel coding: convolutional code and Turbo code Modulation mode: QPSK for both the uplink and the downlink Power control: uplink and downlink closed and open loop power control Demodulation mode: coherence demodulation assisted by pilots
Speech coding: AMR
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Speech Evolution of the WCDMA System

Adopts AMR speech coding and supports the voice quality of 4.75
kbit/s to 12.2 kbit/s

Adopts soft handover and transmit diversity to improve the capacity Provides high-fidelity voice modes Supports fast power control
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Data Evolution of the WCDMA System

Supports up to 14.4 Mbit/s data services (HSDPA) Supports packet switching Evolves from the ATM platform to All-IP gradually Provides QoS control Better supports Internet packet services (HSDPA) through the CPCH
and DSCH.
Provides mobile IP services (dynamic assignment of IP addresses)
Determines dynamic data rates provided by the TFCI domain. Provides high quality support for symmetric uplink and downlink data
services, including the voice, videophone, and video conference.
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Summary
This course introduces the WCDMA system briefly. The course contents include the basic key technologies of
mobile communication systems, basic principles of the CDMA system, and the FDD mode of the WCDMA system.
After studying this course, you can have a general
understanding of the 3G system, thus make a good foundation for further study.
Huawei Confidential
Page 86
Thank you!
www.huawei.com

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Internal

Principles of the WCDMA System

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Date 2008-10-25 2008-12-31

Version 1.0 1.1

Author Zang Liang Dong Qihuan

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Master the structure and radio interfaces of the WCDMA system.

Know technical features of the WCDMA FDD.

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Evolution from GSM to WCDMA

Multiple Access Technology - Distinguish Different Users

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WCDMA: FDMA + CDMA

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Channel coding Channelization Modulation technology Power control technology

Transmit diversity (BTS3012)

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Comparison Between GSM and WCDMA Network Interfaces

WCDMA Core Network

One sector can include multiple cells. Cell = Carrier

Comparison Between GSM and WCDMA Protocols

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Major Differences Between WCDMA and GSM Air Interfaces

Method for differentiating cells

Packet data Downlink transmit diversity

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MSS 2025 MHz

MSS 1980 MHz

FDD TDD WLL WLL

1885 1890 1895

2165 MHz Broadcast auxiliary Reserve MSS

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Comparison of Frequency Computation Between the WCDMA and the GSM

Computing GSM frequencies

Chapter 5 Technical Features of WCDMA FDD

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Overview of CDMA Principles

Radio Propagation Environment Multiple Access Technology and

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Rx signals Intensity Time

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Fast fading Slow fading

Narrowband system (GSM)

Broadband system (CDMA)

Large fading Frequency Tx signals Rx fading signals Frequency

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Classification of Typical Radio Mobile Channels

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Overview of CDMA Principles

Radio Propagation Environment Multiple Access Technology and

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Duplex Technology Distinguish Users UL and DL Signal

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Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

improves spectrum utilization. Users are identified through pseudo numbers.

It is difficult to implement such technologies as power control and load control.

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Overview of CDMA Principles

Radio Propagation Environment Multiple Access Technology and

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