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CONTENTS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Transmission Concepts. Parameters for path loss calculations Survey of LOS links: Preliminary survey Map studies Detailed survey Feasibility study and report generation Guidelines for LOS Survey Transmission Planning Guidelines-Nokia for Bharti Cellular Limited
TRANSMISSION CONCEPTS
A simplified transmission system:
Transmission Media
Transmitter
Receiver
TRANSMISSION CONCEPTS
Types of Media: 1. Open wire copper cable system 2. Coaxial cable systems 3. High frequency radio communication systems 4. Line of sight communication systems 5. Troposphere scatter systems 6. Satellite communication systems 7. Optical fiber cable systems
TRANSMISSION CONCEPTS
Transmission Concepts: 1. Decibel (dB):- The decibel is a unit that describes a ratio. Number of decibels (dB)=10 log10 P2/P1, P1 is lower and P2 is higher power.
P1 If P1=1W P2=2W Gain dB=10 log 2/1 =3 dB Network P2 P1=1000W P2=1W Loss dB=10 log 1000/1 =30 dB
2.
dBm:- Is a power level related to 1 m W power (0 dBm=1 mW) Power (dBm) = 10 log power (mW)/1 mW If power of an amplifier is 20 W, Whats it output in dBm? Power dBm = 10 log 20x103 mW/1 mW = + 43 dBm (Plus sign indicates that the quantity is above reference of 0 dBm) If input to a network is 0.0004 W, Whats the input in dBm? Power dBm = 10 log 4 x 10-1 mW/1 mW = - 4 dBm (minus sign indicates that the quantity is below reference of 0 dBm)
6
TRANSMISSION CONCEPTS
3. dBW:- is extensively used in microwave applications. It is an absolute decibel unit referred to 1W. Power level (dBW) = 10 log power (W) /1 W (+30 dBm=0 dBW) dBmV:- is extensively used in video transmission. It is voltage level in decibels above and below 1 mV across 75 . Voltage level dBmV =20 log mV/1 mV 10 V = + 80 dBmV 1V = + 60 dBmV 1mV = 0 1V = -60 dBmV
dBm +66 +60 +33 +33 +30 +30 +27 +20 +10 dBW +36 +30 +13 +3 0 0 -3 -10 -20 Watts 4000 1000 20 2 1 mill watts 1000 500 100 10
4.
+7
0 -10
-23
-30 -40
5
1 0.1
TRANSMISSION CONCEPTS
Signal-to-Noise Ratio: The signal-to-noise ratio expressed in decibels (dB) is the amount by which a signal level exceeds its corresponding noise.
60 Signal
30 2 0 0 Noise Frequency
S/N dB = Signal Level dBm Noise Level dBm Noise Figure: All networks active or passive contribute noise to a transmission system. The noise figure is a measure produced by a practical network compared to an ideal network i.e. one that is noise less. For a linear system noise figure is expressed by:NF (dB) = 10 log 10 Signal-to-Noise in / Signal-to Noise out
8
TRANSMISSION CONCEPTS
Effective Isotropic ally Radiated Power (EIRP): This is an antenna performance expressed in dBm or dBW over an isotropic antenna, which radiates energy uniformly in all directions and has a gain of 1 or 0 dB and is an imaginary antenna used as a reference. High Frequency Radio (HF): Radio frequency transmission between 3 and 30 MHz is called HF. HF propagation is characterized by ground waves and sky wave component. Ground waves follow surface of the earth and can provide useful communication up to about 650 Km. Sky waves permits reliable communication (up to 90 % path reliability) for distances of 6500 Km and even more. The ionosphere is the key to HF sky wave communication*.
TRANSMISSION CONCEPTS
Terminal, Repeater (R/R), Drop Insert, Hop and Link concept for LOS links:
Terminal-B Microwave Vs OFC Route Hop-10 65 Km
R/R-9
139 Km R/R-7 Drop Insert-4 Hop-4 R/R-3 130 Km Hop-3 R/R-1 Hop-1 Hop-2 Terminal-A R/R-2 Hop-5 Hop-7 Hop-6 R/R-5 Hop-8 Drop Insert-8 Hop-9
R/R-6
10
11
13
PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS (Design of Line of Sight Microwave Links)
Link Design: The design of microwave links, involves three sets of calculations. 1. Working out antenna heights for the link. K-factor is major dominant variable. Earth bulge. Fresnel zone radius. Actual obstructions on the route Path Loss Operating frequency. Path profile: it indicates the distance from one of the transmitter site where obstructions to the line of sight radio link may occur. The object of this calculation is to arrange tower heights along the entire route of the link, so that an obstruction in the path does not enter into the fresnel zone by a specified amount for a specified K-factor used.
14
PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS (Design of Line of Sight Microwave Links)
2. To determine equipment and other parameters for each hop. Transmit power. Antenna type and gain. Transmission type. Other losses. (Absorption, Diffraction, Reflection or Scattering etc.) Maximum received power. Receiver threshold. This will decide the thermal fade margin, which we will be able to get for each hop. 3. To determine the reliability of each hop and overall reliability of the link. Climatic factor. Terrain roughness. Average annual temperature Annual rain. This will decide, what is total expected outage time per annum for each hop as well as for the entire link.
15
PROPAGATION:
1. Free space loss: consider a signal is traveling between transmitter at A to a receiver at B. There is for a given frequency and distance, a characteristic loss. This loss increases with both distance and frequency. It is known as free space loss.
Free space loss LdB=92.44+20 log10 F+20 log ( 10 D Where F is in GHz and D is in km's. If D is 40 Km and F is 6 GHz, then free space in dB LdB=92.44+20 log 40+20 log 6 =92.44+20*1.6021+20*0.7782 =92.44+32.042+15.564=140.046 dB
16
17
18
Eb lower HASL
Ep height of obstruction Earth bulge for K=4/3 (d1 x d2 /17) Earth bulge for K=2\3 (d1 x d2/8.5)
M
M M M
300
330 13.23 26.46
300
330 15.06 30.12
300
330 25.94 51.88
300
330 29.78 59.56
M
M M
19.76
5.93 32.99
20.44
6.13 35.50.
40.60
12.18 66.54
42.18
12.66 71.96
32.39
36.25
64.06
72.22
19
PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS (EARTH BULGE FOR VARIOUS K- FACTORS)
10.58
112
225
20
(Fresnel Zone)
3. Fresnel zone: The radio beam energy travels in an ellipsoidal wave front, the different components of which maintains different path lengths. The distance from microwave beams center is commonly measured in fresnel zones to take into account both frequency and distance. The first fresnel zone (FFZ) is the surface of the point along which the distance to the ends of the path is exactly wave length larger than the direct end to end path. FFZ radius in meters=17.32d1*d2/fD Where d1 & d2 are in kms, f is the frequency in GHz and D is the hop distance in Kms. In order to achieve a free space propagation condition for a radio beam at least 60 % of FFZ should be cleared under the standard atmospheric condition of K=4/3.
21
(Fresnel Zone)
FFZ radius in meters=17.32d1*d2/fD, 1. If f=2.5 GHz and D=30 Km, then FFZ=32.99 M 2. If f=4.5 GHz and D=30 Km, then FFZ=24.03 M 3. If f=6.5 GHz and D=30 Km, then FFZ=19.75 M 4. If f=7.5 GHz and D=30 Km, then FFZ=17.32 M 5. If f=18.5 GHz and D=30 Km, then FFZ=11.43 M FFZ radius decreases with increase in frequency. 1. If f=2.5 GHz and D=30 Km, then FFZ=32.99 M 2. If f=2.5 GHz and D=34 Km, then FFZ=35.33 M 3. If f=2.5 GHz and D=36 Km, then FFZ=36.46 M 4. If f=2.5 GHz and D=40 Km, then FFZ=38.64 M 5. If f=2.5 GHz and D=50 Km, then FFZ=43.73 M FFZ radius increases with increase in distance.
22
0 R=0
-10 dB -20
23
2.5
PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS (FIRST FRESNEL ZONE AND EARTH BULGE)
f
BUILDING
d1
d2
24
STANDARD ATMOSPHERE
TEMPERATE ZONE, NO FOG, NO DUCTING, GOOD ATMOSPHERE, MIX DAY & NIGHT K=1.33
COASTAL
K=1.00-1.33
K=0.66-1.00
K=0.66-0.50
K=0.50-0.40
25
26
0.5 0.4
d1 / D
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1 1.0 . 0
27
28
29
30
PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS (LOS LINK GAINS AND LOSSES SIMPLIFIED)
20 Km
31
PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS (LOS LINK GAINS AND LOSSES SIMPLIFIED)
TRANSMIT Transmit Power Antenna Gain Feeder Loss EIRP PATH LOSS Path Length Frequency Free Space Loss RECEIVE Antenna Gain Feeder Loss Net Gain 35 1.5 33.5 20 11 139.2 27 35 1.5 60.5 dBm dBi dB dBm Km GHz dB dBi dB dB
MISC.
RECEIVE POWER
Combiner Loss
2
-47.2
dB
dBm
32
PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS (DETAILED PATH LOSS CALCULATION SHEET)
Site from: to: Link name: Equipment type: Frequency: Transmit power: Nominal received power: Receiver threshold: Desired fade margin: Desired reliability: Hot standby / frequency diversity and / or space diversity: Azimuth A B: Azimuth B A: Path length: Path length:
33
PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS (DETAILED PATH LOSS CALCULATION SHEET)
SL. NO. DESCRIPTION ADD OR SUBTRACT UNIT COMMENTS
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
MINUS
MINUS MINUS MINUS MINUS MINUS MINUS MINUS
dB
dB dB dB dB dB dB dB dB SUM OF TRANS. AND RECEIVE SUM OF TRANS. AND RECEIVE RECT. TO CIRCULAR WAVE GUIDE SUM OF TRANS. AND RECEIVE SUM OF TRANS. AND RECEIVE
34
PARAMETERS FOR PATH LOSS CALCULATIONS (DETAILED PATH LOSS CALCULATION SHEET)
SL. NO. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 DESCRIPTION ADD OR SUBTRACT PLUS PLUS PLUS OR MINUS PLUS PLUS OR MINUS UNIT COMMENTS
TRANSMIT POWER TRANS ANTENNA GAIN TRANSMIT REFLECTOR GAIN OR LOSS RECEIVE ANTENNA GAIN RECEIVE REFLECTOR GAIN OR LOSS SUM OF GAINS INPUT LEVEL TO RECEIVER (9-15) RECEIVER THRESHOLD FADE MARGIN DIVERSITY IMPROVEMENT RELIABILITY OF THE HOP OUTAGE BOTH WAYS - SECONDS
35
Topography of an area is to be extensively studied with the help of detailed survey maps. Initial study of the given link Aerial/quick survey of terrain/map study Selection of media of communication LOS/OFC/Satellite etc Formulation of best route & an alternate route Selection of tentative sites & repeaters Most techno economical media and route to be finalized
36
1.
Points to ponder for site selection Near approach roads for accessibility Near power supply lines to avoid solar power Small hillocks gives height advantage & reduced tower heights Avoid lakes big water reservoirs Dense forests fine Study of other routes around the area
37
38
43
32
52 53 54 55
61 62 63 64 71 72 73 77 82 78 83 79 84
39
28
44 45 46
40
24
41
Latitude N 20 16
47
48
12
56
57 58
65
66
74
85
86 87
49
8 68 72
76 80 Longitude E of Greenwich
84
88
92
96
39
A
1:2,50,000 Scale
B
C D
F
G H
J
K L
N
O P
40
1
1:50,000 Scale
1:25,000 NW
13
NE SE
6
7 8
10
11 12
14
15 16
41
SW
3 4
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Contour interval: It may be at intervals of 5,10, 20 M or more. Bench Marks and other heights: It is required to ascertain the HASL of site in question. Roads, cart tracks, foot paths: For approach to site and to look around for any obstruction on both sides in a hop. Dams, rivers, lakes and other reflecting bodies: For any reflection points in a hop. Hills, sand dunes, rocky slopes, cliffs: For any critical obstruction points (OB). Town, villages, towers, chimneys: For calculating OB points. Communication Towers, Broadcasting stations, TV stations, Airports: For checking interference from other media.
43
47
52
53
54
56
57
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
59
Km
Km
C
79A/2
A
73M/6
73M/14
79A/6
D
GIVE BEARING ANGLES A-B & B-A AS PER ACTUAL DATA RESULTS
+
73M/7 73M/11 73M/15 79A/11
+
79A/15
NOT TO SCALE
TYPICAL EXAMPLE
61
FEASIBILITY STUDIES
(SURVEY AT A GLANCE)
FOLLOWING INFORMATION CAN BE GIVEN IN A TABULAR FORM: SL.NO. 1. STATION NAME BELMURI OWNER CLIENT NAME HASL (M) 11 LONGITUDE 88 08 53 E LATITUDE 22 56 12 N ANTENNA HEIGHT (M) TOWARDS 80.2 AND 70.2 HOWRAH 83.4 AND 73.4 BURDWAN AZIMUTH (DEGREES) 159.32 AND 323.24 HOP DISTANCE (Km) 43.75 AND 46.61 TOWER HEIGHT (M) 90 MAP NOS 79B/1 REMARKS IF ANY, SAY AIR STRIP NEAR BY
62
63
64
65
66
68
69
71
M
M M M M M M M M
13.23
26.46 19.76 5.93 32.99 32.47 50.0 15 27.99
15.06
30.12 20.44 6.13 35.50. 36.25 50.0 15 31.25
25.94
51.88 40.60 12.18 66.54 64.06 50.0 15 61.54
29.78
59.56 42.18 12.66 71.96 72.22 50.0 15 67.22
72
74
76
78
80
FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION (SITE DETAILS) (SITE PARTICULARS CALCUTTA)
Site Particulars: The information for each site to be noted in tabular form. 1. Site Name: Calcutta 2. Link Name: Calcutta-Durgapur 3. Longitude: 88 21 03 E 4. Latitude: 22 29 49 N 5. Altitude: 6 M 6. Operating Frequency: 2400 MHz 7. Map Number: 79/B-6 Scale: 1:50,000 8. Access to sit: Existing otherwise details to be given. 9. Room for Equipment: Available in existing building. 10. Type of soil: Normal soil with sand at top. 11. Vegetation: Grassy 12. Energy: AC and -48 V available 13. Tower: Type SS Height 100 M (Existing) 14. Antenna: Type Diameter Height Azimuth Towards DAX-6 1.8 M 50 M 325.33 Howrah 15. Remarks: Permission for using existing 100 M tower of DOT to be taken by client.
81
FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION (SITE DETAILS) (SITE MAP AND SITE ORIENTATION)
HOWRAH
325.33
CALCUTTA
82
FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION (SITE DETAILS) (SITE PARTICULARS BELMURI)
Site Particulars: The information for each site to be noted in tabular form. 1. Site Name: BELMURI 2. Link Name: Calcutta-Durgapur 3. Longitude: 88 08 53 E 4. Latitude: 22 56 12 N 5. Altitude: 11 M 6. Operating Frequency: 2400 MHz 7. Map Number: 79/B-1 Scale: 1:50,000 8. Access to sit: Existing otherwise details to be given. 9. Room for Equipment: Available in existing building. 10. Type of soil: Normal. 11. Vegetation: Grassy 12. Energy: AC available, DC not available 13. Tower: Type SS Height 90 M 14. Antenna: Type Diameter Height Azimuth Towards DAX-10 3M 80.2 M 159.32 HOWRAH DAX-10 3M 70.2 M 159.32 HOWRAH DAX-12 4M 83.4 M 323.24 BURDWAN DAX-8 2.4 M 73.4 M 323.24 BURDWAN
83
FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION (SITE DETAILS) (SITE LAYOUT PLAN BELMURI)
BELMURI SITE: (NOT TO SCALE)
N
CONTROL ROOM
20 M 20 M SHED
RAMP
RAILWAY TRACK
50 M
ROAD
SWITCH YARD
84
FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION (SITE DETAILS) (SITE PARTICULARS BURDWAN)
Site Particulars: The information for each site to be noted in tabular form. 1. Site Name: BURDWAN 2. Link Name: Calcutta-Durgapur 3. Longitude: 87 52 32 E 4. Latitude: 23 16 25 N 5. Altitude: 28 M 6. Operating Frequency: 2400 MHz 7. Map Number: 73/M-15 Scale: 1:50,000 8. Access to sit: Existing otherwise details to be given. 9. Room for Equipment: New. 10. Type of soil: Normal. 11. Vegetation: Grassy 12. Energy: AC available, DC not available 13. Tower: Type SS Height 100 M 14. Antenna: Type Diameter Height Azimuth Towards DAX-12 4M 96.5 M 143.13 BELMURI DAX-8 2.4 M 86.5 M 143.13 BELMURI DAX-12 4M 97.0 M 299.00 MANKAR DAX-10 3M 44.2 M 291.41 Galsi (alternative to MANKAR) 15. Remarks: 100 M cable required from new equipment room to control room.
85
FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION (SITE DETAILS) (SITE LAYOUT PLAN BURDWAN)
BURDWAN SITE: (NOT TO SCALE)
KATWA
ROAD
BURDWAN
OH CABLE
70 M
SWITCH YARD
PROPOSED 100 M TOWER (OPTION-II)
86
FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION (SITE DETAILS) (SITE PARTICULARS MANKAR)
Site Particulars: The information for each site to be noted in tabular form. 1. Site Name: MANKAR 2. Link Name: Calcutta-Durgapur 3. Longitude: 87 32 07 E 4. Latitude: 23 25 49 N 5. Altitude: 60 M 6. Operating Frequency: 2400 MHz 7. Map Number: 73/M-11 Scale: 1:50,000 8. Access to sit: Kacha road (Motor able). 9. Room for Equipment: New. 10. Type of soil: Normal. 11. Vegetation: Grassy 12. Energy: Not available 13. Tower: Type SS Height 50 M 14. Antenna: Type Diameter Height Azimuth Towards DAX-12 4 M 48 M 116.42 BURDWAN DAX-10 3 M 42 M 313.76 PARULIA 15. Remarks: Since this is new site, suitable space be kept for Eqpt. room and Tower.
87
FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION (SITE DETAILS) (SITE LAYOUT PLAN MANKAR)
MANKAR SITE: (NOT TO SCALE)
PROPOSED 50 M TOWER
88
FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION (HOP DETAILS) (PATH PROFILE BELMURI - BURDWAN)
96.5
83.4 100 80 60 40 20 11 M 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
28 M
BELMURI LATITUDE 22 56 12 N LONGITUDE 88 08 53 E AZIMUTH 323.24 DEG. ELEVATION 11 M AMSL ANTENNA CL 83.4, 73.4 M AGL
BURDWAN LATITUDE 23 16 25 N LONGITUDE 87 52 32 E AZIMUTH 143.13 DEG. ELEVATION 28 M AMSL ANTENNA CL 96.5, 86.5 M AGL
89
FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION (HOP DETAILS) (REFLECTION POINT PROFILE BELMURI - BURDWAN)
BELMURI BURDWAN HOP:
40
20 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 REFLECTION PLANE DEFINED BETWEEN 0.00 AND 46.61 Km REFLECTION POINT LOCATION AT 22.3 Km 35 40 45 FREQUENCY 2400 MHz FRESNEL ZONE 30.0 %F1
90
FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION (HOP DETAILS) (TOWER HEIGHT CALCULATION SHEET BELMURI-BURDWAN)
BELMURI LATITUDE LONGITUDE AZIMUTH DISTANCE (Km) DATUM UTM ZONE EASTING (Km) NORTHING (Km) 617.716 2536.830 22 56 12 N 88 08 53 E 323.24 46.61 NAD27 CLARKE 1866 45 BURDWAN 23 16 25 N 87 52 32 E 143.13 46.61 NAD27 CLARKE 1866 45 589.538 2573.936
ELEVATION (M)
MAIN ANTENNA HEIGHT (M) DIVERSITY ANTENNA HEIGHT (M) FREQUENCY (MHz) POLARIZATION
11.0
83.4 73.4 2400 VERTICAL
28
96.5 86.5 2400 VERTICAL
91
FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION (HOP DETAILS) (TOWER HEIGHT CALCULATION SHEET BELMURI-BURDWAN)
DISTANCE (Km) ELEVATION (M) OBSTRUCTION HEIGHT (M) AG
0.00
5.00 10.00
11.2
10.0 12.0 15 T 15 T
15.00
20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 46.61
12.0
15.0 20.0 24.0 25.0 26.0 20.0 28.0
15 T
15 T 15 T 15 T 15 T 15 T 15 T
92
FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION (HOP DETAILS) (RELIABILITY CALCULATION SHEET BELMURI - BURDWAN)
bel-bur.p13 - 1 ELEVATION (M) LATITUDE LONGITUDE AZIMUTH BELMURI 11.00 22 56 12 N 88 08 53 E 323.24 BURDWAN 28.00 23 16 25 N 87 52 32 E 143.13
DAX-12
83.38 38 0.25 FOAM 1-1/4 105 5.2 5.46 1.00
DAX-12
96.46 38 0.25 FOAM 1-1/4 116 5.2 6.03 1.00
93
FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION (HOP DETAILS) (RELIABILITY CALCULATION SHEET BELMURI - BURDWAN)
bel-bur.p13 - 2 ANTENNA TYPE (DIVERSITY) ANTENNA HEIGHT (M) ANTENNA GAIN (dBi) RANDOM LOSS (dB) TX LINE TYPE (DIVERSITY) TX LINE LENGTH (M) BELMURI DAX-8 73.38 33.5 0.25 FOAM 1-1/4 94 BURDWAN DAX-8 86.48 33.5 0.25 FOAM 1-1/4 107
5.2
4.89 1.0 0.5 1.20 2.0 2.5 2.5 3.0
5.2
5.56 1.0 0.5 1.20 2.0 2.5 2.5 3.0
94
FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION (HOP DETAILS) (RELIABILITY CALCULATION SHEET BELMURI - BURDWAN)
bel-bur.p13 - 3 BELMURI BURDWAN
FREQUENCY (MHz) POLARIZATION PATH LENGTH (Km) FREE SPACE LOSS (Db) ATMOS. ABSORPTION LOSS (dB) MAIN NET PATH LOSS (dB) DIVERSITY NET PATH LOSS (dB) TX FREQUENCY ASSIGNMENT (MHz) TX POWER (WATTS) TX POWER (dBm) 83.42 81.85 2400 0.89 29.49
2400 VERTICAL 46.61 133.44 0.29 83.42 81.96 2400 0.89 29.49
57.08
10-3 -91.00 -30
56.5
10-3 -91.00 -30 95
FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION (HOP DETAILS) (RELIABILITY CALCULATION SHEET BELMURI - BURDWAN)
bel-bur.p13 - 4 BELMURI BURDWAN
MAIN RX SIGNAL (dBm) DIVERSITY RX SIGNAL (dBm) THERMAL FADE MARGIN (dB) CLIMATIC FACTOR TERRAIN ROUGHNESS (M) C FACTOR AVERAGE ANNUAL TEMP. (DEG. C) DIVERSITY TYPE SD IMPROVEMENT FACTOR WORST MONTH MULTIPATH 1 WAY (SEC)
-53.93 -52.36 38.64 0.5 6.10 1.65 28 SPACE DIVERSITY BB 31.79 2.72
-53.93 -52.47 38.53 0.5 6.10 1.65 28 SPACE DIVERSITY BB 31.66 2.80
99.999896
12.24 99.999961 99.999921-24.83
99.999894
12.59 99.999960 99.999921-24.83 96
FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION (HOP DETAILS) (PATH PROFILE BURDWAN - MANKAR)
M
60 40 28 ASL 20 60 ASL
5 10 BURDWAN LATITUDE 23 16 25 N LONGITUDE 87 52 32 E AZIMUTH 296.56 DEG. ELEVATION 28 M HASL ANTENNA CL 93.2 M AGL
25
30 35 MANKAR LATITUDE 23 25 49 N LONGITUDE 87 32 07 E AZIMUTH 116.42 DEG. ELEVATION 60 M HASL ANTENNA CL 48 M AGL
97
FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION (HOP DETAILS) (REFLECTION POINT PROFILE BURDWAN - MANKAR)
120
100 80
60
40
20 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 38.87
REFLECTION PLANE DEFINED BETWEEN 0.00 AND 38.87 Km REFLECTION POINT LOCATION AT 24.2 Km
98
FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION (HOP DETAILS) (TOWER HEIGHT CALCULATION SHEET BURDWAN - MANKAR)
BURDWAN LATITUDE LONGITUDE AZIMUTH DISTANCE (Km) 23 16 25 N 87 52 32 E 296.56 38.87 38.87 MANKAR 23 25 49 N 87 32 07 E 116.42
DATUM
UTM ZONE EASTING (Km) NORTHING (Km) ELEVATION (M) ANTENNA HEIGHT (M) FREQUENCY (MHz) POLARIZATION
99
FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION (HOP DETAILS) (TOWER HEIGHT CALCULATION SHEET BURDWAN - MANKAR)
DISTANCE (Km) 0.00 11.00 13.50 20.00 21.75 37.50 ELEVATION (M) 28.0 35.0 37.0 40.0 42.3 60.0 15 T 15 T 15 T 15 T 15 T OBSTRUCTION HEIGHT (M) AG
38.87
60.0
100
FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION (HOP DETAILS) (RELIABILITY CALCULATION SHEET BURDWAN - MANKAR)
bur-man 1 .pl3-page 1 ELEVATION (M) LATITUDE LONGITUDE AZIMUTH ANTENNA TYPE (MAIN) ANTENNA HEIGHT (M) ANTENNA GAIN (dBi) RANDOM LOSS (dB) TX LINE TYPE (MAIN) TX LINE LENGTH (M) TX LINE UNIT LOSS (dB/100 M) BURDWAN 28.00 23 16 25 N 87 52 32 E 296.56 DAX-12 93.19 38.00 0.25 FOAM 1-1/4 116.00 5.20 MANKAR 60.00 23 25 49 N 87 32 07 E 116.42 DAX-12 48.02 38.00 0.25 FOAM 1-1/4 68.00 5.20
6.03
1.00
3.54
1.00
101
FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION (HOP DETAILS) (RELIABILITY CALCULATION SHEET BURDWAN - MANKAR)
bur-man 1 .pl3-page 2 CIRCULATOR BRANCHING LOSS (dB) TX SWITCH LOSS (dB) TX FILTER LOSS (dB) RX HYBRID LOSS (dB) RX FILTER LOSS (dB) OTHER RX LOSS (dB) BURDWAN 0.50 1.20 2.00 2.50 2.00 3.00 MANKAR 0.50 1.20 2.00 2.50 2.00 3.00
FREQUENCY (MHz)
POLARIZATION PATH LENGTH (Km) FREE SPACE LOSS (Db) ATMOS. ABSORPTION LOSS (dB) NET PATH LOSS (dB) TX FREQUENCY ASSIGNMENT (MHz) TX POWER (WATTS)
79.88 2400 0.89
2400
HORIZONTAL 38.87 131.86 0.24
2400
HORIZONTAL 38.87 131.86 0.24 79.88 2400 0.89
102
FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION (HOP DETAILS) (RELIABILITY CALCULATION SHEET BURDWAN - MANKAR)
bur-man 1 .pl3-page 3 BURDWAN 29.49 56.51 10 E -3 -91 -30 -50.39 40.61 0.50 6.10 1.65 0.50 6.10 1.65 MANKAR 29.49 59.00 10 E -3 -91 -30 -50.39 40.61
TX POWER (dBm) EFFECTIVE RADIATED POWER (dBm) RX THRESHOLD CRITERIA RX THRESHOLD LEVEL (dBm) MAXIMUM RECEIVED SIGNAL (dBm) RX SIGNAL (dBm) THERMAL FADE MARGIN (dB) CLIMATIC FACTOR TERRAIN ROUGHNESS (M) C FACTOR
28.00
NON DIVERSITY
28.00
NON DIVERSITY
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FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION (HOP DETAILS) (RELIABILITY CALCULATION SHEET BURDWAN - MANKAR)
bur-man 1 .pl3-page 4 BURDWAN 31.83 99.998789 143.22 99.999546 99.999092 286.44 MANKAR 31.83 99.998789 143.22 99.999546 99.999092 286.44
WORST MONTH MULTIPATH 1 WAY (SEC) WORST MONTH MULTIPATH 1 WAY (%) ANNUAL MULTIPATH 1 WAY (SEC) ANNUAL MULTIPATH 1 WAY (%) ANNUAL MULTIPATH 2 WAY (%-SEC)
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FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION (LINK DETAILS) (GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION) FOLLOWING INFORMATION CAN BE GIVEN IN A TABULAR FORM: SL.NO. 1. STATION NAME BELMURI OWNER CLIENT NAME HASL (M) 11 LONGITUDE 88 08 53 E LATITUDE 22 56 12 N AZIMUTH (DEGREES) 159.32 TOWARDS HOWRAH 323.24 TOWARDS BURDWAN TOWER HEIGHT (M) 90 HOP DISTANCE (Km) 43.75 TOWARDS HOWRAH 46.61 TOWARDS BURDWAN REMARKS IF ANY SAY AIR STRIP NEAR BY
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FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION (LINK DETAILS) (TOWERS AND AERIALS)
FOLLOWING INFORMATION IS GIVEN IN A TABULAR FORM:
S.N. STATION FROM
CALCUTTA
STATION TO
HOWRAH
ANT. DIA.(M)
1.8
AZIMUTH DEGREE
325.33
TX LINE (M)
70
HOWRAH
1.8 3.3 3.3 4.0,2.4 4.0, 2.4 4.0 4.0 3.0 3.0
52.6 84.2,74.2 80.2,74.2 83.4,73.4 96.5, 86.5 93.2 48.0 41.9 55.0
BELMURI
BURDWAN
MANKAR
PARULIA
106
CALCUTTA-HOWRAH
HOWRAH-BELMURI
2400
43.75
22.3
BELMURI-BURDWAN
2400
46.61
22.3
BURDWAN-MANKAR
2400
35.33
24.2
MANKAR-PARULIA
2400
29.96
12.0
NO REF. ANTICIPATED
107
H
f1 V f1 f1
PARULIA 55
35.33 Km MANKUR 50
43.75 Km
108
20
25
20
65
25
45
70
25
45
70
8.8 2
40
20
69
25
45
70
25
45
70
7.4 5
30
20
57
25
45
70
6.5 3
28
20
54
25
45
70
25
45
70
10. 86
20
20
50. 86
25
45
70
11. 3
20
20
51
109
CALCUTTA-HOWRAH
99.999987
4.20
NON DIVERSITY
2 3
HOWRAH-BELMURI BELMURI-BURDWAN
99.999878 99.999921
38.52 24.83
DIVERSITY DIVERSITY
BURDWAN-MANKAR
99.999092
286.44
NON DIVERSITY
MANKAR-PARULIA
99.999745
80.40
NON DIVERSITY
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FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION (LINK DETAILS) (SYNOPTIC OF THE LINK)
80.2M 8
73.4M 0 . 70.2M 2
52.6M 85 M
74.2M
50.0M 50 M
35.33 Km BURDWAN
46.61 Km BELMURI
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FEASIBILITY STUDIES AND REPORT GENERATION (TECHNO - ECONOMIC JUSTIFICATION) {(CALCUTTA PARULIA (DURGAPUR)}
FIBER OPTICS
SL. NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 DESCRIPTION QTY. UNIT PRICE (US$) 2500 1250 7500 15000 1035 2500 26500 2500 8750 176128 TOTAL (US$) 500000 250000 30000 15000 4140 10000 26500 10000 35000 176128 1056768 SL. NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MICROWAVE
DESCRIPTION QTY. UNIT PRICE (US$) 24539 49078 2500 1035 2528 26500 6669 70000 8000 124836 TOTAL (US$) 98156 294468 10000 10350 25280 26500 93366 210000 80000 124836 972956
OFC (12 F) LAYING OF OFC LINE TML. (FO) EQ. FIBER OPTIC R/R SERVICE CH. UNIT ALARM CON. UNIT NMS MULTIPLEXERS POWER PLANT INST. & COMM.
200 200 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 LS
RADIO EQPT. S/D RADIO R/R EQPT. MULTIPLEXERS SERVICE CH. UNIT ALARM CON. UNIT NMS ANT.& TX. LINE SYS. TOWERS (80m) POWER PLANT INST. & COMM.
4 6 4 10 10 1 14 3 10 LS
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GUILDLINES
(SURVEY FOR LINE OF SIGHT LINKS)
1. 2. Formation of team for survey Collection of: Relevant survey instruments/tools etc. Topographical maps 1:25,000/50,000 scale with contour at 10 M. Site Profiles/Drawings Data on existing towers and availability of space Antennas/Equipment. Customers specifications and requirements. Information about location of Radar Sites and Airports. Information about existing Terrestrial systems in the area.
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GUILDLINES
(SURVEY FOR LINE OF SIGHT LINKS)
3. Map Study as per tender requirements for Co-ordinates, altitude, terrain conditions and LOS conditions. Site survey:- Is carried out for each site to determine: Access road and approach to site Longitude, latitude, altitude and availability & stability of power supply. Soil bearing capacity, weather conditions, availability of Infrastructure etc. Hop Survey: Map study and terrain between two site of each hop is thoroughly trekked to determine: Altitude and heights of Near end obstructions, 1-2 Km points along the LOS route for each hop. Water logging and other reflecting areas. Likely interference from nearby Radar and Airport sites.
4.
6.
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GUIDELINES
(SURVEY FOR LINE OF SIGHT LINKS) 7. Preparation of Drawings: Site lay out plan Path profiles: Clearance criteria (as per clients requirements) , heights of critical points (as per survey) to be taken into account. 8. Finalization of: Tower Heights:-are calculated for each hop. K-factor, first fresnel zone clearance, critical points, reflection points and diversity option are main factors. Received level and reliability calculations as specified. 9. Finalization of System Design: Transmitter Power, location of Terminals, Repeaters, Antenna Size/Type/Gain, TX line-Type/Loss.
115
117
7 GHz (1+0) 13.5Km 17.4Km 19.4Km (1+1)HSB 12.0Km 15.7Km 17.9Km (1+1)HSB WITH S/D 17Km 28Km 35Km FOR LOS STUDY, 100 % FIRST FREZNEL ZONE CLEARANCE AT K=4/3 AND 60 % F.F.Z. CLEARANCE ATK=2/3 WILL BE CONSIDERED FOR BACK BONE PLANNING.
119
SURVEY, SYSTEM DESIGN, ENGINEERING AND BID SUBMISSION FOR LOS AND OFC LINKS
CONCLUSION: The course has been developed with the objective, that, Engineers come out of colleges with more theoretical knowledge and are not aware of actual field problems. International Exposure experienced during last 20 years on similar assignments have been shared.
120
SURVEY, SYSTEM DESIGN, ENGINEERING AND BID SUBMISSION FOR LOS AND OFC LINKS
Tick () on ones 1. (a) Free space loss increases if frequency is increased and decreases if distance is increased. (b) Free space loss decreases with the increase of both distance and frequency. (c) Free space loss increases with the increase of both distance and frequency. 2. (a) First Fresnel Zone Radius increases with increase in distance and decreases with increase in frequency. (b) First Fresnel Zone Radius decreases with increase in distance and increases with increase in frequency. (c) First Fresnel Zone Radius decreases both with the with increase in distance and in frequency. 3. For standard atmosphere value of K is: (a) K=1 (b) K=4/3 (c) K=2/3 4. In a hop Earth Bulge is maximum at (a) the ends (b) the center (c) the critical obstructed point. 5. Reflection point area lies between a K factor of: (a) K=1 and K=Infinity. (b) K=4/3 and K=2/3 (c) K=7/6 and K=5/12.
121
SURVEY, SYSTEM DESIGN, ENGINEERING AND BID SUBMISSION FOR LOS AND OFC LINKS
6. For a hop if all other parameters are kept same, for K=4/3 tower height will be (a) less (b) more (c) equal in comparison with K=2/3. If frequency diversity is used, the separation between two frequencies is generally kept (a) 12-20 % (b) 2-3% (c) 5-10%. Separation between Space Diversity antennas is to the tune of: (a) 100-200 (b) 5-10 (c) 20-40 . CCIR defines availability of radio relay links over hypothetical reference circuit of 2500 Km route as (a) 97.9 % (b) 79.7 % (c) 99.7 %. India is located between following co-ordinates: (a) Latitude 8 - 36 N, Longitude 68 - 96 E (b) Latitude 8 - 36 S, Longitude 68 - 96 W (c) Latitude 8 - 36 N, Longitude 68 - 96 W Azimuthal angles or bearing is measured from: (a) True South (b) True North (c) True East Maximum height of line of sight towers is normally limited to: (a) 200 M (b) 300 M (c) 100 M
7.
8. 9. 10.
11. 12.
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SURVEY, SYSTEM DESIGN, ENGINEERING AND BID SUBMISSION FOR LOS AND OFC LINKS
13. 14. Reliability of a LOS hop can be improved by: (a) Space Diversity (b) Increasing the hop distance (c) Decreasing tower height. On a straight link when single frequency is used in tandem, normally change of polarization is recommended every: (a) 3rd hop (b) hop (c) 5th hop (d) depends on the configuration of the route.
123