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Reasoning s.11-27
The Delivery
Faster speakers are better accepted that slow
speakers.
Good speakers DO NOT lose their place,
hesitate frequently, or pepper talk(“uh”,
“er”, “um”).
This is why speakers need to practice way
ahead of time.
Genuine conviction will also help strengthen
your credibility.
“sincerity, honesty, and straightforward manner
are more important than special talent or
polish.”
- President Harry S. Truman
Using Evidence
When using evidence, you must have a
good persuasive speed in
how evidence works: A Case Study
the tips for using evidence
reasoning.
Four methods of reasoning:
Specific Instances
Principle
Principle
Ømoves from the general to the
specific.
1 . T h e U n ite d S ta te s C o n stitu tio n
1.Allg upeople
a ra n te eare
s a mortal
llU . S . citize n s th e rig h t to
vo te .
2.Socrates
2 . W o m e n ais reaUperson
. S . citize n s.
3.Therefore,
3 . T h e re fo re , Socrates
th e U n iteis
d mortal
S ta te s
C o n stitu tio n g u a ra n te e s w o m e n th e
ri
Øg h t to vo te .
Guidelines for Reasoning from
Principle
Ø Give evidence to ØE xce ssive co n su m p tio n
support it before o f re fin e d su g a r is
moving to your u n h e a lth y.
ØS o ft d rin ks , d e sse rts ,
minor argument.
ca n d ie s, a n d sw e e te n e d
Ø You might also need d a iry p ro d u cts co n ta in
to support your exce ssive a m o u n ts o f
minor argument su g a r.
with evidence. ØT h e re fo re , exce ssive
co n su m p tio n o f so ft
d rin ks, d e sse rts,
ca n d ie s, a n d sw e e te n e d
d a iry p ro d u cts is
u n h e a lth y.
Concerns in Reasoning
reasoning.
Four methods of reasoning:
Specific Instances
Principle
Casual Reasoning
Casual Reasoning
Ø The establishment of the relationships
between causes and effects.
Ø We use casual reasoning daily.
Ø
Ø “Because of the patch of ice, I fell and
broke my leg.”
ØEx. Terrorism, football games, roommate’s
habits.
Guidelines for Casual
Reasoning
The two common errors to avoid when
using casual reasoning.
1.Fallacy of false cause (after this, therefore
because of this)
Ex. Just because a black cat crosses your
path and five minutes later you fall and
break your arm, you cannot blame the
cat for your broken arm.
2.Assuming that events have only one
cause
Ex. What causes the economy to boom or
burst? Interest rates, gas prices, tax
policies, labor cost, consumer
confidence, etc…
Concerns in Reasoning
Your reasoning must be sound.
Must get listeners to agree with your
reasoning.
Four methods of reasoning:
Specific Instances
Principle
Casual Reasoning
Analogical
Guidelines for Analogical
Analogical Reasoning
Reasoning
ØThe twoØComparing
cases being twocompared are inferring
similar cases essentially
that
alike when assessing
what is true to analogical
one statementreasoning
is also true
ØReasoning with
fromthe other. is used most often in
analogy
Ø persuasive speeches on questions of policy
ØEx. When arguing for a new policy, you
should find out whether a similar
policy has been tried somewhere else.
Fallacies
Previous Øan error in reasoning.
Fallacies:
Hasty
Generalizatio
Ø Red Herring
n Ø Introducing an irrelevant issue
False Cause
Invalid in order to divert attention
Analogy
from the subject under
discussion.
ØEx. “How dare my opponents
accuse me of political
corruption at a time when we
are working to improve the
quality of life for all people in
the United States.
Fallacies (cont’d)
Ø Ad Hominem
Ø Refers to the attacking the
person rather than dealing
with the real issue in dispute.
ØEx. “The governor has a number
of interest economic
proposals, but let’s not forget
that she comes from a very
wealthy family.”
Ø However, sometimes a person’s
character can be called into
question.
Fallacies (cont’d)
Ø Either-Or
Ø Sometimes referred to as a
false dilemma, which forces
listeners to choose between
two alternatives.
ØEx. “Either we build a new high
school or children in this
community will never get into
college.
Ø Either-or’s fallacy opens up
questions you may not have.
ØEx. “What does a new building
got to do with the education of
our children?”
Fallacies (cont’d)
Ø Bandwagon
Ø The assumption about
something that is popular is
good, correct, or desirable.
ØEx. Just because more people
use Alieve than Advil does not
mean Alieve is a better
product.
Ø The bandwagon speakers are
usually followers.
Fallacies (cont’d)
Ø Slippery Slope
Ø A speaker that assumes that
taking a first step will lead to
the next step and so on.
ØEx. “If the government begin to
control the amount of violence
on television…then they will
gain absolute control of the
media and censorship.”
Ø If a speaker uses the slippery
slope fallacy then they will
need to supply the listeners
with evidence to support the
claim.
What are Emotional Appeals