Aerobic wastewater treatmentExtended Aeration

ByRucha Godbole Manasi Chandan Bhakti Sawant Deepika Ramshetty

Introduction

What is AEROBIC WASTE WATER TREATMENT ?

An aerobic septic system, is a small scale sewage treatment system which uses an aerobic process for digestion with help of certain bacterias. It produces a high quality secondary effluent, which can be sterilized and used : for surface irrigation. It is most commonly found in rural areas where public sewers are not available.

Types of waste water treatment :

1. Fixed film systems 2. Suspended growth aerobic systems 3. Retrofit or portable systems

What is Extended Aeration ?

Extended aeration is characterized by long-term aeration, long detention times, low food to microorganism ratio, and low biomass accumulation. The goal is to balance the mass of new cells synthesized per day with the mass of cells endogenously biochemically-degraded per day

Aerobic wastewater treatmentExtended Aeration

1.Input BOD & COD values Biochemical oxygen demand (B.O.D)

It is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms in a body of water to break down organic material. Microorganisms living in oxygenated waters use dissolved oxygen to convert the : organic compounds into energy for growth and reproduction. Populations of these microorganisms tend to increase in proportion to the amount of food available. This microbial metabolism creates an oxygen demand proportional to the amount of organic compounds. It is expressed in milligrams of oxygen consumed per litre of sample during 5 days of incubation at 20 C BOD value can be used as a gauge of the effectiveness of wastewater treatment plants

Aerobic wastewater treatmentExtended Aeration

1.Input BOD & COD values Typical BOD values Pristine rivers - BOD below 1 mg/L. Moderately polluted rivers - BOD value in the range of 2 to 8 mg/L. Untreated sewage - averages around 600 mg/L

Aerobic wastewater treatmentExtended Aeration

1.Input BOD & COD values Chemical oxygen demand (C.O.D)

It is the measure the amount of organic compounds in water. It is expressed in milligrams per liter (mg/L also referred to as ppm (parts per million), which indicates the mass of oxygen consumed per liter of solution.

Maximum Chemical oxygen demand between 200 and 1000 mg/L Ideal COD value for wastewater into river 10mg/L

Aerobic wastewater treatmentExtended Aeration

2.Output BOD & COD values Hydrulic retention time

It is a measure of the average length of time that a soluble compound remains in a constructed bioreactor. HRT is usually expressed in hours or sometimes days.

Outut BOD values

Pristine rivers - BOD below 1 mg/L. Moderately polluted rivers - BOD value in the range of 2 to 8 mg/L. Municipal sewage - 20 mg/L or less (efficiently treated by a three-stage process) Untreated sewage - averages around 600 mg/L

Aerobic wastewater treatmentExtended Aeration

3.Flow digram of Aerobic waste-water treatment

Aerobic wastewater treatmentExtended Aeration

5. LAND AREA REQUIREMENT

It is preferred for relatively small waste loads, where lower operating efficiency is offset by mechanical simplicity. Extended aeration is typically used in prefabricated "package plants" intended to minimize design costs for waste disposal. Used for small communities, tourist facilities, or schools. The basic dimensions of the extended aeration plan depends upon the GPD of the influent. These can be in various GDPs 5000, 12500, 30000, etc. In comparison to traditional activated sludge, longer mixing time with aged sludge offers a stable biological ecosystem better adapted for effectively treating waste load fluctuations from variable occupancy situations.

Aerobic wastewater treatmentExtended Aeration

5. LAND AREA REQUIREMENT

For 5000 GPD THE LAND AREA REQUIRED WILL BE 15 X 14

Aerobic wastewater treatmentExtended Aeration

5. LAND AREA REQUIREMENT

For 150000 GPD THE LAND AREA REQUIRED WILL BE 120 X 30

Aerobic wastewater treatmentExtended Aeration

5. LAND AREA REQUIREMENT

McDonald Group International, Inc ADVANCED WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT

Aerobic wastewater treatmentExtended Aeration

6. POST TREATMENT OF EFFLUENT WATER

Aerobic wastewater treatmentExtended Aeration

6. POST TREATMENT OF EFFLUENT WATER

The disposal of sludge is to land and sometimes to the sea, in one of the following ways:
Agricultural use of dried or wet sludge. Use of dried sludge as landfill in absence of agricultural demand. Spreading wet sludge on eroded or waste land, contouring the field, so as to gradually build up a top soil of agricultural value. Disposing off wet sludge along with solid wastes for (i) composting, or (ii) sanitary landfill. Transporting and dumping into the sea.

Aerobic wastewater treatmentExtended Aeration

6 & 7. POST TREATMENT OF EFFLUENT WATER & BIO GAS The use of constructed wetlands is another method that can be used to remove nutrients. Phosphorus is incorporated into the biomass of plants planted in the wetland, and then you must remove and dispose of the biomass (harvesting the phosphorus). This biomass can be used for the production of biogas (methane) through the anaerobic digestion process.
Another method of disposal of the biomass is through composting. The material may be mixed with other biomass and allowed to compost and then be added back to the environment as an organic product.

Aerobic wastewater treatmentExtended Aeration

6 & 7. POST TREATMENT OF EFFLUENT WATER & BIO GAS

Aerobic wastewater treatmentExtended Aeration

9. Advantages of Extended Aeration The main advantage of an extended aeration system is that the solids produced in the is almost completely mineralized, due to the longer holding period, eliminating a separate sludge clarification and its further handling and treatment. The system is easier to operate than some conventional sludge systems. Lower waste sludge production than conventional activated sludge plants.

Minimal chemical storage/handling or no chemical usage at all.

Achieves nitrogen removal. Due to the higher hydraulic and solids residence times, extended aeration treatment processes are more forgiving and can provide high quality effluent for different types of wastewater.

Aerobic wastewater treatmentExtended Aeration

9.Disadvantages of Extended Aeration

The primary disadvantage to extended aeration treatment processes is the size of the facilities that are required to provide the longer hydraulic and solids residence times. Therefore, only smaller systems should consider using the extended aeration treatment process.

Longer aeration period and hence requires more energy.

Extended aeration process plants cannot deal with long periods of absence and are not a suitable choice for holiday homes. This is because the process is a 'feast and famine' principle. There is no primary settlement tank to act as the 'larder' and store organic material for later use. If an extended aeration treatment plant is left unfed for more than 2 weeks, you risk serious bacterial death and it takes 8 to 10 weeks to re-establish a working bacterial colony again. Extended aeration plants do not work well if they are underloaded and should not be chosen if the number of people using them is less than 40% of their design size, eg. a 6 person should have a minimum of 3 people actually using the system.

Aerobic wastewater treatmentExtended Aeration

10.Equipments & Structure Details used in Extended Aeration The extended aeration system would consist of a square concrete basin with a series of aeration headers and diffuser assemblies. The extended aeration basins could be designed with vertical or sloped sidewalls. Two separate extended aeration process trains would be provided for flexibility for O&M of the system over a wide range of flows. Each basin would be approximately 208 ft wide by 248 ft long by 10 ft side water depth and have volume of approximately 3.0 MG each.

Space would be designated for addition of a third extended aeration system in the future to meet future build out flows

Aerobic wastewater treatmentExtended Aeration

10.Equipments used in Extended Aeration

Pre-Treatment Grit chamber The raw wastewater enters the treatment plant and is immediately passed through a bar screen. This : removes the largest solids from the water. These solids may be hauled to a landfill or ground up and allowed to pass through the rest of the treatment process. After passing through the bar screen, the influent enters the grit chamber. Here, the wastewater passes into a wide basin, which slows the wastewater's velocity. The slower flow causes grit to settle out. Grit is the heaviest material in wastewater and includes substances such as sand, coffee grounds, eggshells, gravel, and cinders. Grit cannot be broken down by biological processes, so it is hauled to a landfill.

Aerobic wastewater treatmentExtended Aeration

10.Equipments used in Extended Aeration Next, the remaining wastewater reaches the comminutor, also known as the grinding pump. In the comminutor, water is passed through a rotating cutting screen. This cutting screen shreds any large chunks of organic matter in the wastewater into smaller pieces. This makes it easier for the the micro organisms to use the organic matter as food. The final stage of pre-treatment is aeration. In the aeration basin, oxygen is added to the water. In addition, micro organisms are seeded (added to the wastewater) here, and they begin to use the oxygen to break down organic matter. As the micro organisms eat, they multiply rapidly and consume the B.O.D. (Biochemical Oxygen Demand; the organic matter or "food") very quickly. The micro organisms usually only require two hours in the aeration basin to consume all of the organic matter. The air which is forced into the wastewater in the aeration chamber also serves another purpose. It keeps the micro organisms suspended in the water so that they do not settle out.

Aerobic wastewater treatmentExtended Aeration

10.Equipments used in Extended Aeration Primary Treatment After the wastewater leaves the aeration chamber, it enters the clarifier. The clarifier is a type of sedimentation basin in which the heavier solids sink to the bottom and the lighter materials float to the surface.

One of the primary purposes of the clarifier is to remove the micro organisms from the water. After digesting organic matter in the aeration basin, these micro organisms now have food, grit, and other particles stuck to their outer enzyme coating. So they are heavy and sink to the bottom (or floc out) in the clarifier. The supernate, a clear liquid, rises to the top and is allowed to flow out of the clarifier.
The sludge at the bottom of the clarifier contains a great deal of micro organisms. Some of this sludge is removed and either digested or sent to a landfill (to "waste"). But some of the sludge is reused to seed the aeration chamber with micro organisms.

Aerobic wastewater treatmentExtended Aeration

10.Equipments used in Extended Aeration Disinfection After leaving the clarifier, the supernate is chlorinated and allowed to sit in a contact chamber while the chlorine reacts with micro organisms in the water. This process disinfects the water, killing the diseasecausing micro organisms. Now the water has been thoroughly treated and can be released into natural bodies of water.

Aerobic wastewater treatmentExtended Aeration

11.Where can Extended Aeration System be Used? Extended aeration is often used for small treatment facilities requiring a simple process, in the form of a package treatment plant. It is also used for larger treatment plants in the form of oxidation ditches. In prefabricated "package plants" intended to minimize design costs for waste disposal from small communities, tourist facilities, or schools

Aerobic wastewater treatmentExtended Aeration

12. Standards for wastewater discharge

Aerobic wastewater treatmentExtended Aeration

12. Standards for wastewater discharge

Many countries have a national environmental protection agency (EPA). In some cases, for instance India, environmental protection responsibilities are at least partly devolved to the state/ regional/ provincial level. These agencies and departments are responsible for all aspects of the environment; regulation of sanitation and wastewater management activities is just one of their duties. In some cases, for instance Pakistan, the EPA is responsible for sanitation policy. Water quality and treatment standards usually come in one of three forms:

Water quality and treatment standards

1.Technological standards

2.Effluent standards

3.Ambient or Stream Quality Standards

Aerobic wastewater treatmentExtended Aeration

12. Standards for wastewater discharge

1. Technological standards which specify that the treatment must include certain technologies or processes. Frequently this standard is expressed in the form that secondary treatment or biological treatment is required without identifying either the water quality of the effluent to be produced, or the exact details of the technical process to be used. 2. Effluent standards are specifications of the physical, biological, and chemical quality of the effluent to be produced by the treatment. These usually include allowable concentrations of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Suspended Solids (SS), Nitrogen, Phosphorus, etc. Most such concentrations are expressed in mg/l (milligrams/ liter).

a. Uniform Effluent Standards are the most common, in which target concentrations of pollutants in the effluent are standardized across the entire country or state. This approach has the advantage of simplicity, ease of implementation, and the appearance of fairness to all who have to meet them. Unfortunately, they are usually inefficient, leading to excessive treatment in some cases, and insufficient treatment in others.

Aerobic wastewater treatmentExtended Aeration

12. Standards for wastewater discharge

3. Ambient or Stream Quality Standards, by contrast, seek to fix standards for the quality of the water body receiving the waste. Where the receiving water is used for drinking, bathing, fishing or reuse, the standards for the receiving water are relatively high. If however natural processes of dilution and biodegradation can improve the quality sufficiently before there is significant use of the resource, then the stream standards can be lower. Under this system, rivers or streams are put into categories such as Class 1, Class 2 etc.

Where rigorous water quality modeling is not possible or practical, the establishment of watershed or river basin management boards can still help to prioritize investment in treatment in a systematic fashion. It makes little sense to invest large amounts of money in wastewater treatment for a single city if pollution from other cities or from agricultural runoff will nullify any beneficial impact. It will usually make sense to concentrate efforts where they can make a difference.

Aerobic wastewater treatmentExtended Aeration

13. Aerobic wastewater treatment in relationship with green building for urban areas

Aerobic wastewater treatmentExtended Aeration

13. Aerobic wastewater treatment in relationship with green building norms for urban areas

What is Aerobic wastewater treatment? Aerobic treatment systems: These processes are based on the biological conversion of organic contaminants in the wastewater in the presence of oxygen; carbon dioxide is given off and sludge produced leaving the water relatively clean. The wastewater is generally pre-treated by passing it through a settling chamber before aeration; the system could be based on either suspended growth or attached growth.

Advantages: Complete treatment of the wastewater Used as the final polishing step before discharge of wastewater
Disadvantages: High Land requirement High Energy required for operation of the treatment plant

Aerobic wastewater treatmentExtended Aeration

13. Aerobic wastewater treatment in relationship with green building norms for urban areas

What is Green building?

Green buildings refer to the use of environmentally preferable practices and materials in the
design, location, construction, operation, and disposal of buildings. It applies to both renovation and retrofitting of existing buildings and construction of new buildings. Many countries have developed their own standards for green buildings, examples include

Germany: The German Association for Sustainable Building (DGNB) has developed a quality certification for buildings with five sustainability criteria. Japan : has developed the so-called Comprehensive Assessment System for Building Environmental Efficiency (CASBEE). United Kingdom: The British Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Methodology (BREEAM) is the most widely used international method for assessing building quality and performance in terms of energy, environmental impact and health indicators USA: The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building Rating System, developed by the US Green Building Council (USGBC), provides a suite of standards for environmentally sustainable construction. India: TERI has developed its independent rating system called the Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) rating system.

Aerobic wastewater treatmentExtended Aeration

13. Aerobic wastewater treatment in relationship with green building norms for urban areas
Introduction Every building generates wastewater amounting to almost 80% of total water consumed. The major source of wastewater includes the grey water from kitchens, bathrooms and black water from toilets. To maintain the surrounding environment and to reduce the demand on potable water by providing secondary and tertiary treated water, it is important for every new construction to ensure treatment of the wastewater generated from the building through centralized or decentralized systems. Water use in buildings

Washing-30% & Flushing-30%

Human Consumption-7% & Bathing-13%

Gardening and Others -20%

Aerobic wastewater treatmentExtended Aeration

13. Aerobic wastewater treatment in relationship with green building norms for urban areas
Issues of concern
There is lack of proper drainage systems in case of new developments in certain cities. In

some of the cities, the existing sewerage and the centralized sewerage treatment plant is not adequate to cater to the additional load of the new development. Lack of sustainable and affordable decentralized natural water/wastewater management systems (example -rainwater harvesting, DEWATS). With increase in water supply availability wastewater generation is also increasing cumulative effect of untreated wastewater can have wide-ranging degenerative effects on both the public health and the ecosystem. Lack of programme support and funding on water efficiency / conservation including reuse/recycle of water.

Aerobic wastewater treatmentExtended Aeration

13. Aerobic wastewater treatment in relationship with green building norms for urban areas
Green bldg norms not possible for all: BMC Sharad Vyas The civic body has said that eco-housing guidelines would increase construction cost in the city by at least 20%. The developer is most likely to pass this on to the buyer, officials said. Municipal commissioner Swadheen Kshatriya has recommended that the state consider leaving out the citys lower-middle class from the ambit of the proposed law. This law cant be made mandatory for certain sections of our society that are struggling to find a roof over their heads, a civic official said. The regulatory framework is likely to be introduced first in Mumbai and later to other cities of the state. Once in place, the guidelines would make it mandatory for new buildings to use green technologies for various purpose; such as for recycling dry waste and drainage water, vermiculture for treatment of wet waste, solar energy and rainwater harvesting. The state last week forwarded the proposed norms to BMC for its suggestions and objections. The civic body has also ruled out some of the ideas like installing water purifier in buildings because of the cost factor. We said no to this amendment since water supplied by the corporation is already being treated efficiently.

Aerobic wastewater treatmentExtended Aeration

14. Social/Enviornmental/Economic benefits accuring from such treatment processes

Reducing production of excess biomass during wastewater treatment; Minimum odor when properly loaded and maintained; Large biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) removals providing a good quality effluent; High rate treatment allowing smaller scale systems The final discharge may contain dissolved oxygen which reduces the immediate oxygen demand on a receiving water; The aerobic environment eliminates many pathogens present in agricultural wastes. A major asset of the aerobic systems is their capacity to handle all kinds of wastewaters, especially those with extremely variable composition and even, from time to time, toxic pulses. They have large free energy potentials, enabling a variety of often parallel biochemical mechanisms to be operated. These communities are therefore capable of coping with low substrate levels, variable environmental conditions and multitudes of different chemicals in the influent.

They have some very useful capabilities such as nitrification, denitrification, phosphate accumulation, ligninase radical oxidation, etc. which make them indispensable in waste treatment.

Aerobic wastewater treatmentExtended Aeration

14. Social/Enviornmental/Economic benefits accuring from such treatment processes

Some Recent Developments in Aerobic Wastewater Treatment Enabling Easier and More Economic Design and Operation.

Parameter Improving oxygen supply Decreasing sludge

Principle involved Measuring oxygen uptake ate in bypass reactor measuring short-term BOD Monitoring NO3 levels Increasing cellular maintenance by imposing pressure cycles in a deep shaft reactor Biotower reactor systems

Decreasing plant surface and/or construction costs Integrated control

Dynamic models relying on on-line measurements

Aerobic wastewater treatmentExtended Aeration

Thank you.

Aerobic wastewater treatmentExtended Aeration