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This document provides an overview of microwave communication systems with 3 key points:
1) It introduces different transmission methods used in microwave systems like radio links, fiber optics cables, and satellites. It also discusses the frequency bands used for microwave transmission.
2) It outlines the basic block diagram of a microwave communication system including components like the modulator, transmitter, receiver, and demodulator. It provides examples of modulation techniques used.
3) It describes the hierarchy of a microwave system including the use of terminal stations, relay stations, and multiple hops to transmit signals over long distances.
This document provides an overview of microwave communication systems with 3 key points:
1) It introduces different transmission methods used in microwave systems like radio links, fiber optics cables, and satellites. It also discusses the frequency bands used for microwave transmission.
2) It outlines the basic block diagram of a microwave communication system including components like the modulator, transmitter, receiver, and demodulator. It provides examples of modulation techniques used.
3) It describes the hierarchy of a microwave system including the use of terminal stations, relay stations, and multiple hops to transmit signals over long distances.
This document provides an overview of microwave communication systems with 3 key points:
1) It introduces different transmission methods used in microwave systems like radio links, fiber optics cables, and satellites. It also discusses the frequency bands used for microwave transmission.
2) It outlines the basic block diagram of a microwave communication system including components like the modulator, transmitter, receiver, and demodulator. It provides examples of modulation techniques used.
3) It describes the hierarchy of a microwave system including the use of terminal stations, relay stations, and multiple hops to transmit signals over long distances.
NEC Corporation CONTENTS 1. Introduction to microwave system 2. Block diagram for microwave communication system 3. System hierarchy 1. Introduction to microwave system 1.1 DIFFERENT TRANSMISSION METHODS MUX Satellite Fiber-optics cable Radio link Coaxial cable MUX 1.2 Frequency for microwave300MHZ 300GHZ
1. Short wavelength / high frequency easy to design compact and light aerial system and wide bandwidth, large capacity
2. Frequency plan
3. Line of sight propagation, reflection, diffraction and scattering etc.
4. Free space loss
5. Fade caused by other types of path loss. Multipath.
6. Interference 8 5 4 3 2 10 20 1 30 40 50 1.5 2.5 Regional network National network Regional and local area network 2 8 34 Mbit/s 34 140 155 Mbit/s 2 8 34 140 155 Mbit/s 3.3 11 GHz GHz 1.3.1RADIO-FREQUENCY USE 1.3.2FREQUENCY PLAN Channel number Frequency F3 F1 F2 Fo 1 2 n 1' n' Lower half band Upper half band Center frequency Fo: Center frequency 2' 1.3.2 FREQUENCY SHIFT BETWEEN CHANNELS ANALOG DIGITAL 1800 channels MF 140 kHz rms/channel ~ 30 MHz CAPACITY MODULATION DEVIATION 2700 channels MF 140 kHz rms/channel ~ 40 MHz 30 channels 2 Mbit/s 4 PSK 3.5 MHz 120 channels 8 Mbit/s 4 PSK 7 MHz 480 channels 34 Mbit/s 4 QAM 30 MHz 16 QAM 14 MHz 1920 channels 140 Mbit/s 16 QAM 40 MHz 64 QAM 30 MHz 1.3.3/4 RADIO PROPAGATION The radio link propagation follows the line of sight: it requires a perfect clearing between transmiting and receiving antennas. The propagation medium is made of the lower layers of the atmosphere (a few meters to a few hundred of meters above ground) The non homogeneity of the atmosphere influences the waves propagation: 1) Path curvature 2) Reflecting, diverging, focusing intermittent events Free space loss=92.4+20*log(f*d) (dB) among them, f:GHz, d:km Atmosphere influence Refraction Partial reflection Absorption Diffusion i.1 i.2 n1 n2 n1*sin i.1 = n2*sin i.2 n1 n2 Almost horizontal height Gaz and water vapor Frequ. < 15 GHz : insignificant 20 GHz : 0.1 dB / km Rain Frequ. > 10 GHz Diffusion volume 500Km RADIO PROPAGATION Ground influence Diffraction Reflection Diffraction on a ridge Spherical diffraction RADIO PROPAGATION R Imaginary Earth Real Earth Ro Standard atmosphere A N = - 39 N.units Km K = R/Ro = 4/3 h h Radio path Air refraction index at sea level : n = 1,000 315 N = 315 N units A N : Gradient of air refraction index A N may reach more extreme values than + 250 or - 350, during short percentage of time Using an imaginary earth with a radius of 8500 km, allows to simplify the radio hop perception RADIO PROPAGATION Changes of transmitting media,such as, atmosphere, link, time, altitude,climate etc. Fading due to multipath arising from surface reflection Attenuation due to atmospheric gases; Attenuation due to precipitation Type of fading: fast fading and slow fading; fast fading: the channel impulse response changes rapidly within the symbol duration. slow fading:the channel impulse response changes at a rate much lower than the trasnsmitted baseband signal. up fading and down fading; up fading: direct wave arrives later than reflecting wave; down fading: virse versa frequency selective fading and flat fading the received signal spectrum remains a close replica of the transmitted signal spectrum except for a change in amplitude. 1.3.5 FADING SELECTIVE FADING Cause: Multipath propagation Refraction Receiver Transmitter A max A min Frequency Radio channel
> 1 non-minimal phase fading A F0 F A A A For A1 = A2 A max dB = + 6 A min dB = - A t A F = 1 t 1 1 1 2 - A + A 2 2 8
t = T = A A 2 2 1 - T 1 Reflection A ,T 2 2 A ,T 1 1 < 1 minimal-phase fading The direct signal is larger than the reflected signal. FADING Main cause: Rain snow for frequencies > 10 GHz Transmitter FI -80 < Pr < -20 dBm Receiver Demodulator Digital Signal IF A B CAG A Time dBm W 0 Noise W Signal Noise B dBm Time IF Level 0 dBr 2dB C N COUNTER-FADING MEASURES A. Techniques without diversity reduction of the levels of ground reflection increase of path inclination various equalizers B. Diversity techniques FD SD H 10.2/F 1/2 <H<37/F 1/2 1.3.6 INTERFERENCE A. Co-channel interference Caused by other signal residing at the same frequency as the desired signal B. Adjacent channel interference Caused by RF leakage on the operational channel from a neighbouring RF equipment using an adjacent frequency. This can occur when an adjacent channel user is operating in close proximity to the users receiver, or when the user's signal is much weaker than that of the adjacent channel user. COUNTER-INTERFERENCE MEASURES A. Increase Transmit Power B. Bandpass filter, sharp cut off filter MICROWAVE RADIO LINK TX/R x Terminal Station Relay station (Active) Hop NO.1 or Relay station (Passive) TX/Rx Terminal Station Cable Cable Radio link Distance between the transmitter and the receiver, some km < D < 100 km Availability and quality are depending on distance according I.T.U.R. rules Hop NO.2 Hop No.n TX/R x TX/R x 2. Block diagram for microwave communication system Block diagram for microwave system Source encode TX BB MOD UP CONV PWR AMP BR CKT SYN RX decode RX BB DEM DOWN CONV LNA BR CKT (Modulator ) (Demodulator ) TX Rx Antennas IF UHF/SHF BB : Base band Base band IF : Intermediate Frequency UHF : Ultra-High Frequency (300 - 3000 MHz) SHF : Super-High Frequency (3000 - 30.000 MHz) MICROWAVE LINK STRUCTURE MODULATOR Auxiliary rates Digital junction Microwave frame Modulator organisation IF output Zc = 75 O - Serial/parallel conversion - Data scrambling - Forward Error Correction code (F.E.C) - Calculation & coding of parity bit - Cable correction - Clock recovery - Regeneration - Code x NRZ transcoding - Coding - Filtering 2/8/34/140/155 Mbit/s Zc = 75 O CCITT G.703 32/64/704/2048 kbit/s - Sync. clock/microwave frame - AIS switching - 2 state modulation n - Auxiliary rate adaptation - Multiplexing MODULATOR PRINCIPLE PSK 4 MODULATOR BLOCK DIAGRAM PSK 4 - COHERENT DEMODULATOR PRINCIPLE PSK4 - COHERENT DEMODULATOR - DECISION CIRCLES PSK 4 - COHERENT DEMODULATOR BLOCK DIAGRAM MODULATOR / DEMODULATOR - COMPLETE BLOCK DIAGRAM 16 QAM PRINCIPLE 16 QAM MODULATOR BLOCK DIAGRAM 16 QAM DEMODULATOR PRINCIPLE - DECISION LEVELS 16 QAM DEMODULATOR - BLOCK DIAGRAM DIGITAL RADIO TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT - Microwave frame - Multiplexing - Modulation - Translation - Amplification - Demodulation - Microwave frame .Demultiplexing .Measurements of B.E.R. - Distorsion correction - Translation - Amplification Modulator Transmitter Receiver Demodulator Transmission Reception Main rate MICROWAVE FRAME Microwave frame object: Extra-bit insertion/extraction: Service channel Supervision of quality Auxiliary rates Data scrambling TS/RC function Digital junction MODULATOR 2/8/34/140/155 Mbit/s NRZ Ck Switch Clock recovery Regenerator Transcoder AIS Generator Cable correction Digital access G703 Signalling f MODULATOR Frame and modulator Scrambler NRZ Ck Multiplexer Parity ECC Calculator Serial Converter Encoder 1 BB Filter Modulator IF Output IF oscillator Auxiliary data F.A.W SHAPING FILTERS Eye diagram Forced-up cosinus response H (f) T T 2 0 f 1 2T 1 T Useful band (Nyquist) o = 0 o = 0.5 o = 1 1 0 T -T -2T -3T 2T 3T 1 2 Transcient response o = 0 o = 0.5 o = 1 t with noise Ideal TRANSMITTER Principle IF Oscillator: FnFI Amplifier Converter Amplifier Frequency A IF Fn SHF Canal Translation RECEIVER Principle Fn Fn' dB dB Fn Oscillator Fn' Converter Amplifier IF IF IF Frequency Frequency DEMODULATOR Equalizer Demodulator Digital processing Auxiliary rates Digital Signal - MVT search - Demultiplexing - Descrambling - Parallel/serial conversion - NRZ/code x transcoding - Quality analysis - Demodulation - Clock recovery - Regeneration Selective fading dynamic correction (B.E.R. 1.10 ; 1.10 ) -6 -4 MINIMUM PHASE EQUALIZATION SYSTEM Minimal phase Processor | IF Received constellation Regeneration + Digital processing Digital output Demodulator Tb 2 A' 1 A 2 A 1 (T2) T 2 T 1 - A 2 Delay = Tb 2 + | A 1 A' 1 = A1 = 1 A A 2 1 A A 2 + Recursive filter (T1) < 1 EQUALIZATION SYSTEM Non-minimal phase Demodulator A Processor + A | 1 2 2 Tb A 1 A 2 A 1 A 2 A' 2 A' 1 + A' 1 A 2 = 2 t' = t + T b 2 + O A' 1 = A 1 A 2 A 1 = , t = T 2 - T 1 = A 2 A 1 > 1 A 2, T 2 A 1, T 1 A 2 + ( T b 2 O ( A 2 + A 1 ( ) T b 2 + O A 2 + A 1 ( ) 1 Transversal filter 1 SELECTIVE FADING: CORRECTION SYSTEM Signature description The signature is the performance achieved by an equalizer circuit for a given BER (10 ) -3 S = 20 log (1 - = A A Rx Equ. Demod. 1.10 -3 A | 0 A R A + - 20 log (1 - 0 dBr A A t = K t avec K impair MHz ) ) 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 measurement BER t = 6,3 ns t | F F 3. System hierarchy DIGITAL SYSTEM HIERARCHY 2400/19200 bit/s Data VF TN 1 64 kbit/s 2.048 Mbit/s 8.448 Mbit/s 34.268 Mbit/s 139.264 Mbit/s TN 2 TN 3 TN 4 4 x 480 channels 1920 channels 4 x 120 channels 480 channels 4 x 30 channels 120 channels + frame + stuffing 30 channels 64 kbit/s + 64 kbit/s signalling + 64 kbit/s frame 32 x 64 = 2.048 kbit/s Data MUX PCM TRT PRODUCTS Tx/Rx CMI Tx/Rx HDB3 Tx/Rx HDB3 Tx/Rx HDB3 1 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 TN2 1 4 3 2 1 30 140 Mbit/s 34,268 Mbit/s 8,448 Mbit/s 2,048 Mbit/s 64 kbit/s 34 Mbit/s 8 Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s Tx/Rx TN4 2/34 Mbit/s PDH ADM 155 155 Mbit/s CMI 4x2 Mbit/s or 4x2 Mbit/s or 16x2 Mbit/s TN3 TN1