Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Bacteria were infected with either type of labeled phage to determine which substance was injected into cells and which remained outside
Cells with phosphorus-labeled DNA produced new bacteriophages with radioactivity in DNA but not in protein
Head
DNA Tail Tail fiber
Phage Bacterium
Radioactive protein
Radioactivity in liquid
Centrifuge Pellet
1 Mix radioactively
2 Agitate in a blender to
4 Measure the
labeled phages with bacteria. The phages infect the bacterial cells.
separate phages outside the bacteria from the cells and their contents.
Radioactivity in pellet
Phage Bacterium
Radioactive protein
1 Mix radioactively
2 Agitate in a blender to
labeled phages with bacteria. The phages infect the bacterial cells.
separate phages outside the bacteria from the cells and their contents.
Radioactive DNA
Radioactivity in liquid
Centrifuge Pellet
3 Centrifuge the mixture 4 Measure the
Phage DNA directs host cell to make more phage DNA and protein parts. New phages assemble. Cell lyses and releases new phages.
Nucleic Acids
DNA and RNA
DNA is INFORMATION
DNA= deoxyribose nucleic acid A molecule that stores information
Contains the instructions for making proteins Like a cookbook contains the instructions for making a cake
Hundreds of thousands of proteins exist inside each one of us to help carry out our daily functions. These proteins are produced locally, assembled piece-by-piece to exact specifications based on the code carried in the DNA
DNA- stores genetic information and passes it to the next generation RNA - use the coded information of DNA in protein synthesis
5-carbon sugar
Phosphate group
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Nucleoside Nucleotide
5 end
3 Phosphodiester linkage
3 end
Sugar-phosphate backbone Phosphate group Nitrogenous base Sugar Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) DNA nucleotide Phosphate group
Thymine (T)
Sugar (deoxyribose)
DNA nucleotide
DNA polynucleotide
DNA
Nucleotides
Deoxyribonucleotides
Ribonucleotides
RNA
DNA
25
5 end P
4 3 5 2 1
3 end
2 3 1 4 5
P
3 end 5 end
hydrogen bonding;
base stacking
29
Hydrogen bond
a chemical bond in which a hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom, especially a nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine atom, usually of another molecule.
30
Two hydrogen bonds between A:T pairs Three hydrogen bonds between C: G paire 31
In eukaryotic cells,
DNA is folded into chromatin
Nucleosomes
any of the repeating globular subunits of chromatin that consist of a complex of DNA and histone
Biochemistry for
37
DNA REPLICATION
Each new DNA helix has one old strand with one new strand
Nucleotides Parental molecule of DNA Both parental strands serve as templates Two identical daughter molecules of DNA
10.6 The DNA genotype is expressed as proteins, which provide the molecular basis for phenotypic traits
A gene is a sequence of DNA that directs the synthesis of a specific protein (genotype) DNA is transcribed into RNA RNA is translated into protein The presence and action of proteins determine the phenotype of an organism
The DNA genotype is expressed as proteins, which provide the molecular basis for phenotypic traits
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Genotype Vs Phenotype
Genotype: it is the genetic constitution of an organism/individual. The set of genes that it carries and this effects the phenotype of an individual . These inherited instructions may or may not cause an observable effect on the individual.
Phenotype: It is an observable characteristic of an organisms/individual (as morphology, development, behavious etc.) which is influenced both by its genotype and by the environment.
DNA
Nucleus Cytoplasm
DNA Transcription
RNA
Nucleus Cytoplasm
DNA Transcription
RNA
Nucleus Cytoplasm Translation
Protein
Gene 2
Gene 3
DNA strand
Polypeptide
Amino acid
First base
Second base
Third base
First base
Second base
Third base
Strand to be transcribed
DNA
Strand to be transcribed
DNA
Transcription
Strand to be transcribed
DNA
Transcription
Translation
Polypeptide
Met
Lys
Phe
Review: The flow of genetic information in the cell is DNA RNA protein
Does translation represent:
DNA RNA or RNA protein?
DNA
Transcription
mRNA
Amino acid
Enzyme
2 Each amino acid attaches to its proper tRNA with the help of a specific enzyme and ATP.
ATP tRNA
Growing polypeptide
Codons mRNA
4 Elongation A succession of tRNAs add their amino acids to the polypeptide chain as the mRNA is moved through the ribosome, one codon at a time.
Polypeptide
Stop codon
5 Termination The ribosome recognizes a stop codon. The polypeptide is terminated and released.
DNA
Transcription
Enzyme
attaches to its proper tRNA with the help of a specific enzyme and ATP.
ATP tRNA
The mRNA, the first tRNA, and the ribosomal sub-units come together. Start Codon mRNA
Growing polypeptide
4 Elongation
Codons mRNA
A succession of tRNAs add their amino acids to the polypeptide chain as the mRNA is moved through the ribosome, one codon at a time.
Polypeptide
5 Termination
Stop codon
The ribosome recognizes a stop codon. The polypeptide is terminated and released.
Deletions or insertions
Alter the reading frame of the mRNA, so that nucleotides are grouped into different codons
Lead to significant changes in amino acid sequence downstream of mutation
mRNA
mRNA
Normal hemoglobin
Sickle-cell hemoglobin
Glu
Val
Met
Lys
Phe
Gly
Ala
Base substitution
Met
Lys
Phe
Ser
Ala
Base deletion
Missing
Met
Lys
Leu
Ala
His
MICROBIAL GENETICS
Recombination of the transferred DNA with the host bacterial chromosome leads to new combinations of genes
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Phage
Mating bridge
Sex pili
Donated DNA
Crossovers
Degraded DNA
Recombinant chromosome
F factor (integrated)
Male (donor) cell Origin of F replication Bacterial chromosome F factor starts replication and transfer of chromosome Recipient cell
F factor (plasmid) Male (donor) cell Bacterial chromosome F factor starts replication and transfer
Plasmids
Sugarphosphate backbone
Nitrogenous base
Phosphate group
Sugar
Nucleotide
DNA
Nitrogenous base
RNA C G A U
C G A T
DeoxyRibose ribose
tRNA Anticodon
mRNA
Codons
DNA
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) RNA
comes in three kinds called
(e) (f)
(g)
(h)
Protein
(i)
5. Determine DNA, RNA, and protein sequences when given any complementary sequence
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
7.
10. Explain how an emerging virus can become a threat to human health
11. Identify three methods of transfer for bacterial genes 12. Distinguish between viroids and prions 13. Describe the effects of transferring plasmids from donor to recipient cells
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Hydrogen bond