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INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING IN MATLAB LANGUAGE

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Programming Basics

To Start Matlab On Microsoft Windows platforms, double-clicking the MATLAB shortcut on your Windows desktop.

On UNIX platforms, start MATLAB by typing matlab at the operating system prompt. Quitting the MATLAB Program To end your MATLAB session, select File > Exit MATLAB in the desktop, or type quit in the Command Window S YADAV

Programming in Matlab

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Basics of Matlab

Matlab has two different methods for executing commands

Interactive mode In interactive mode, commands are typed (or cut-and-pasted) into the 'command window'. 3+4 ans = 7

Batch mode. In batch mode, a series of commands are saved in a text file (either using Matlab's built-in editor, or another text editor ) with a '.m' extension. The batch commands in a file are then executed by typing the name of the file at the Matlab command prompt.

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Scripts and Functions

M-Files: Files that contain code in the MATLAB language are called M-files. You create M-files using a text editor, then use them as you would any other MATLAB function or command. There are two kinds of M-files: 1. Scripts, which do not accept input arguments or return output arguments. They operate on data in the workspace. 2. Functions, which can accept input arguments and return output arguments. Internal variables are local to the function. NOTE :The names of the M-file and of the function should be the same.
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Example Scripts

x = -pi:0.01:pi; plot(x,sin(x)), grid on

Function

%Name of function is sum1 function c=sum1(a,b) c=a+b end M file names should be sum1.m
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Variables

As in programming languages, the MATLAB language provides mathematical expressions, but unlike most programming languages, these expressions involve entire matrices. MATLAB does not require any type declarations or dimension statements. When MATLAB encounters a new variable name, it automatically creates the variable and allocates the appropriate amount of storage. If the variable already exists, MATLAB changes its contents and, if necessary, allocates new storage. For example, num_students = 25 creates a 1-by-1 matrix named num_students and stores the value 25 in its single element. To view the matrix assigned to any variable, simply enter the variable name. Variable names consist of a letter, followed by any number of letters, digits, or underscores.(max length of variable is 63) MATLAB is case sensitive; it distinguishes between uppercase and lowercase letters. B and b are not the same variable.
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MATLAB AND MATRIX

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MATRIX
*MATLAB IS MATRIX MANIPULATION LANGUAGE.

*MOST OF VARIABLES YOU DECLARE WILL BE MATRICES.

*MATRIX IS RECTANGULAR ARRAY OF NUMBERS

*A is MxN MATRIX : IT MEANS A HAS M ROWS AND N COLUMNS

*IN MATRIX FIRST INDEX IS ROW INDEX AND SECOND INDEX IS COLUMN INDEX *SCALAR IS 1x1 MATRIX. *INDEXING IN MATLAB STARTS FROM ONE(1) 9
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DEFINING MATRIX IN MATLAB

Let matrix B=

1
6

2
7

3
8

B CAN BE CREATE IN MATLAB USING SYNTAX

B=[1 2 3;6 7 8];

HOW TO ACCESS DIFFERENT ELEMENTS B(ROW ,COLUMN) B(1,1)=1 i.e. FIRST ROW and FIRST COLUMN B(2,1)=6 i.e. SECOND ROW FIRST COLUMN B(2,3)=8 i.e. SECOND ROW THIRD COLUMN 10
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ACCESSING SUBMATRICES
A= 11 12 13 14 15 16

17
23

18
24

19 20 21
25 12 26 13 27 14

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28 15 16]

A(1,:) = [11

i.e. FIRST ROW AND ALL COLUMNS

A(2,:)=[17 18 19 20 21 22]

i.e. SECOND ROW AND ALL COLUMNS

A(1,1:3)=[11

12 13 ];

i.e. FIRST ROW AND ONE TO THREE COLUMNS A(2,3:6)=[19 20 21 22 ]; i.e second row , third to sixth column.
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ONE DIMENTION MATRIX

ONE DIMENTION MATRIX IS ALSO KNOWN AS VECTOR. ONE DIMENTION MATRIX MAY BE EITHER ROW MATRIX : CONTAINING ONE ROW ONLY OR COLUMN MATRIX:CONTAINING ONE COLUMN ONLY

HOW TO ACCES DIFFERENT ELEMENTS

A(1),A(2) WILL WORK AS IT IS ONE DIMENSIONAL VECTOR. 12
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ALTERNATE WAY OF MAKING MATRICES

A=1:9 A= 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

A=1:2:9

A=
1 3 5 7 9

A=[5:-1:-5] A= 5 13 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5
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MATRIX BUILDING FUNCTIONS

eyes(n) will produce nxn identity matrix eyes(m,n) will produce mxn identity matrix ones(n) will produce nxn matrix of ones. ones(m,n) will produce mxn matrix of ones. zeros(m,n) will produce matrix of zeros rand(m,n) will produce mxn matrix of randomvalue triu(X) will extract upper triangular part of matrix X. tril(X) will extract lower triangular part of matrix X.
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MATRIX OPERATIONS
+ * ^ . \ / ADDITION SUBTRACTION MULTIPLICATION POWER CONJUGATE TRANSPOSE TRANSPOSE LEFT DIVISION RIGHT DIVISION

THESE MATRIX OPERATIONS APPLY TO SCALARS AS WELL. IF THE SIZES OF MATRICES ARE INCOMPATIBLE FOR THE MATRIX OPERATION, AN ERROR MESSAGE WILL RESULT. 15

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EXAMPLE OF MULTIPLICATION
A=
1 2 2 3

B=
1 1 1 1

A*B 1*1+2*1 2*1+3*1 A*B 1*1+2*1 2*1+3*1

3
5 16

3
5
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ENTRY-WISE OPERATIONS
OPERATIONS OF ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION ALREADY OPERATE ENTRY WISE A= B= 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1

A+B
2 3 3 2

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Other entry-wise operation

i.e.

.* , .^ , ./ ,.\

A=[1 2 3 4]

B=[1 2 3 4]
A.*B=[1 4 9 16] A=[4 6 8 10] B=[2 2 2 2] A./B=[2 3 4 5] A=[1 2 3] A.^3=[1 8 27] 18

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MATRIX DIVISION
IF A IS AN INVERTIBLE MATRIX AND b IS A COMPATIBLE COLUMN VECTOR, then
x=A\b is the solution of A*x=b

[1 2 3;4 5 6; 8 9 7]*[x;y;z]=[1;2;3]
[x;y;z]=[1 2 3;4 5 6;8 9 7]\[1;2;3]

IF A IS AN INVERTIBLE MATRIX AND b IS A COMPATIBLE ROW VECTOR, then x=b/A is the solution of x*A=b [x y z]*[1 2 3;4 5 6; 8 9 7]=[1 1 3] [x y z]=[1 1 3]/[1 2 3;4 5 6;8 9 7] 19
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STATEMENTS, EXPRESIONS AND VARIABLES

MATLAB is interpreted language. Statements are of form variable=expression; expression; x=3; y=x^3+3*x; y=sqrt(x); Or just x^3+2*x ; In this case variable ans is automatically created to which result is assigned
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Statement is terminated with ; If it is not terminated with ; , result will be displayed on screen. Statements can be placed on same line if they are terminated with ; Single statement can be continued to next line with three or more periods e.g. y=x*x+ .. 2*x+3;

Continued ..

MATLAB is case sensitive. who or whos will list variables in current workspace. inmem lists compiled m files in current memory.
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Continued..
VARIABLE OR FUNCTION CAN BE CLEARED FROM WORKSPACE clear variablename clear functionname clear WILL CLEAR ALL NON PERMANENT VARIABLES. ON LOGOUT ALL VARIABLES ARE LOST save WILL SAVE ALL VARIABLES IN FILE matlab.mat load WILL RESTORE WORKSPACE TO ITS FORMAL STATE. save and load TAKE VARIABLE NAME AND FILENAME AS OPTIONAL ARGUMENTS. edit fun opens the file fun.m in a text editor.

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CONTROL STRUCTURES IN MATLAB

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RELATIONAL OPERATORS
< LESS THAN > GREATER THAN <= LESS THAN OR EQUAL >= GREATER THAN OR EQUAL == EQUAL ~= NOT EQUAL NOTE: = IS USED IN ASSIGNMENT AND = = IS USED IN A RELATION
LOGICAL OPERATORS & AND | OR ~ NOT RELATIONS MAY BE CONNECTED BY LOGICAL OPERATORS

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OUTPUT OF RELATIONS OPRATION

WHEN APPLIED TO SCALAR, RELATION IS ZERO OR ONE DEPENDING ON WHETHER THE RELATION IS TRUE OR FALSE a=3; b=2; c= ( a>b) ; It means c=1 c=(a<b); It means c=0 a= = b answer is 0 a~=b answer is 1 AND WHEN APPLIED TO MATRICES OF SAME SIZE, RELATION IS MATRIX OF 0s and 1s GIVING VALUE OF RELATION BETWEEN CORROSPONDING ENTERIES. d=[1 2]; e=[1 1]; f= (d= =e); It means f=[1 0]; 25

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Control statement

If ,if else For loop While loop Switch case Brake ,continue etc.

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IF
price=4500; if price >5000, disp('PRICE IS MORE THAN 5000'); end

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IF ELSE

price=4500; if price >5000, disp('PRICE IS MORE THAN 5000');

else
disp(PRICE IS NOT MORE THAN 5000); end

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IF ELSEIF
price=4500; if price >5000, disp('PRICE IS MORE THAN 5000');

elseif (1000<=price)&(price <=5000),

disp('PRICE IS BETWEEN 1000 AND 5000');

else disp('PRICE IS LESS THAN 1000'); end

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WHILE LOOP
var=20; while var>0,

disp(var);
var=var-1;

end
disp('variable is zero now'); disp(var);

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FOR LOOP

for i=1:10,
disp(i); end for i=1:2:11, disp(i)

end
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Nested For Loop

n=3;
for i=1:n,

for j=1:n,
a(i,j)=5;

end
end

disp(a);
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SWITCH CASE
var1=10;
var2=5; switch operation case 'add' output=var1+var2; disp(output); case {'multiply','product'} output=var1*var2;

disp(output);

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CONTINUED .
case {'subtract','sub'}
output=var1-var2; disp(output); case 'divide' output=var1/var2; disp(output); otherwise

disp('What else you want?');

end
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CONTINUED.
case {'subtract','sub'}
output=var1-var2; disp(output); case 'divide' output=var1/var2; disp(output); otherwise

disp('What else you want?');

end
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BREAK STATEMENT
var=20;
while var>0, disp(var); if var==10 break; end var=var-1; end

str=sprintf('Now variable is %d',var);

disp(str); 36
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FUNCTION IN MATLAB

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SCALAR FUNCTIONS
Operate essentially on scalars. Operate element-wise when applied to a matrix. sin asin abs cos log10 log (natural log) floor tan rem (remainder) sign round A=sin(1) A= 0.8415 A=sin([1 1.2 1.3 1.4]) A= 0.8415 0.9320 0.9636 0.9854
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exp acos sqrt atan

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VECTOR FUNCTIONS
OPERATE ESSENTIALY ON VECTOR (ROW OR COLUMN) WHEN APPLIED TO MxN MATRIX, OPERATE COLUMN BY COLUMN TO PRODUCE ROW VECTOR CONTAINING RESULT OF APPLICATION TO EACH COLUMN.

max any mean std

max([1 2 3]) ans = 3 max([1 2 3 589 7 6 2]) ans = 7 8 9 39

sum min all

median prod sort

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MATRIX FUNCTIONS

eig chol svd inv lu qr rref expm

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eigenvalues and eigenvectors cholesky factorization singular value decomposition inverse LU factorization QR factorization reduced row echelon form matrix exponential
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STRING FUNCTIONS
strcmp(str1,str2) strncmp(str1,str2,n) strcat(str1,str2) str2num(str) str2double(str) num2str(num) CAT(DIM,A,B) concatenates the arrays A and B along the dimension DIM. CAT(2,A,B) is the same as [A,B]. CAT(1,A,B) is the same as [A;B].

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WRITING FUNCTION

function [sum,diff]= addsub(a,b)

%This function returns two outputs, sum %and difference sum=a+b; diff=a-b;

return;
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FUNCTION CONTINUED function result=perform(operation ,var1,var2) switch operation case 'multiply' result=var1*var2; case 'add' result=var1+var2; case 'subtract' result=var1-var2; case 'divide' result=var1/var2; otherwise disp('Only multilply, add,subtract and divide operations are allowed'); result='error'; 43 S YADAV end

INPUT
name=input('Please enter your name : ','s');
fprintf('\nHello %s !\n',name);

account=input(' Please enter your account number

if (25 <account)&(account<50) disp('Welcome');

: ');

else disp('You are not a valid user'); end

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FORMATED OUTPUT
name=svits';
age=06; salary=1800000; fprintf('\n Institute Name : %s\t Age : %d . \t Salary : Rs %0.2f',name,age,salary); fprintf('\n I am writing 123456 in exponential . form : %e',12356);

a=[1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6];

fprintf('\n %f ',a);
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Thank you

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