By Khairun Nisa, dr

TYPES OF THE MUSCLE

1. Skeletal Muscle
2. Smooth Muscle 3. Cardiac Muscle

THE MUSCLE
Muscles are the contraction specialists of the body Skeletal muscle attaches to the skeleton. Contraction of skeletal muscle moves bones to which they attached, allowing the body to perform a variety of motor activities Skeletal muscles that support homeostasis include those important in acquiring, chewing, and swallowing food and those essential for breathing. Skeletal muscle contraction is also used move the body away from harm. Heat generating muscle contractions are important in temperature regulation. Skeletal muscle are also used for non homeostatic activities, such as dancing ar operating a computer

THE MUSCLE
Smooth muscle is found in the wall of hollow organs and tubes. Controoled contraction of smooth muscle regulates movement of blood through blood vessels, food through the digestive tract, air through respiratory airway, urine to exterior Cardiac muscle is found only in heart, contraction pums life-sustaining blood throughout the body

SKELETAL MUSCLE

THE MUSCLE
Skeletal muscle contribute to homeostasis by playing a major role in the procurement of food, breathing, heat generation for maintenance of body temperature, and movement away from harm (raflexes)

Functions of the Muscular System

1. Body Movement
Most skeletal muscles are attached to bones are responsible for most body movement including walking, running, or manipulating objects with hands

2. Maintenance of posture
Skeletal muscle constantly maintain tone, which keeps sitting or standing erect

3. Respiration
Muscles of the thorax are responsible for the movements necessary for respiration

4. Production of body heat

When skeletal muscles contract, heat is given off as by-product for maintaining body temperature
Functions ..

5. Communication
Skeletal muscles are involved in all aspects of communication, such as speaking, writing, typing, gesturing, and facial expression

6. Constriction of organs and vessels

The contraction of smooth muscles within the walls of internal organs and vessels causes constriction of those structures. This constriction can help propel and mix food and water in the digestive tract, propel secretions from organs, and regulate blood flow though the vessels

7. Heart beat
The contraction of cardiac muscle causes the heart to beat, propelling blood to all part of the body

Properties of muscle 1. Contractility

The contractility is the ability of muscle to shorten or to lengthen with a force

2. Excitability
Excitability is the capacity of muscle to respond to a stimulus

3. Extensibility
Extensibility means that muscle can stretched to its normal resting length and beyond to a limited degree

4. Elasticity
Elasticity is the ability of muscle to recoil to its original resting length after it has been stretched

Types and comparison of muscle types

Features Location Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Heart

Attached to bones Walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, eyes, glands, and skin Yes Voluntary and involuntary (reflex) Body movement No Involuntary

Striation Control

Yes Involuntary

Function

To move the Pump blood content of visceral organs

Muscle parts

Physiology of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 1. Membrane potential

Plasma membrane are polarized, there is tendency of K+ to diffuse out of the cell difference charges

2. Ion channels
Ligand gated and voltage gated channels responsible for producing action potentials

3. Action potentials
Diffusing Na+ and K+ across membrane produce action potentials

4. .

4. Neuromuscular junction
Acetylcholine released from the presynaptic terminal changes membrane permeability of postsynaptic membrane

5. Excitation contraction coupling

Ca2+ ions released from the reticulum sarcoplasm cause actin filament slides over the myosin

6. Cross bridge movement

ATP is hydrolized and causes angular movement of the cross bridge

7. Muscle relaxation
Ca2+ ions diffuse away from troponin and are transported into the reticulum sarcoplasm cause muscle to relax

Neuromuscular Junction

Breakdown of ATP and Cross-bridge Movement During Muscle Contraction

1. 2. 3. 4.

Ca2+ binds to troponin, active site on actin exposed The myosin molecules attach to actin Energy stored in the head of myosin is used to move the head of myosin ATP binds the myosin head releases of actin from myosin

5.

ATP is broken down to ADP and P, which remain bound to the myosin head (energized myosin)

Cross-bridge cycle
1. ATP split by miosin ATPase; ADP and P remain attached to myosin; energy stored in cross bridge Ca2+ released on excitation; removes inhibitory influence from acting, anabling it to bind with cross bridge

2.

3.

Power stroke of cross bridge triggered on contact between myosin and actin; P and ADP released
Linkage between actin and myosin broken as fresh molecule of ATP binds to myosin cross bridge; cross bridge assumes original conformation; ATP hydrolyze

4.

Steps of excitation-contraction coupling and relaxation

1.Acetylcholin released from the terminal of a motor neuron initiates an action potential in the muscle cell that is propagated over the entire surface of the muscle cell membrane 2. The suface electric activity is carried into the central portions of the muscle fiber by the T tubules 3. Spread of the action potential down the T tubules triggers the release of stored Ca2+ from the adjacent alteral sacs of the sarcoplasmic reticulum 4. Released Ca2+ binds with troponin and changes its shape so hat the troponintropomyosin complex is physically pull aside, uncovering actins cross-bridge binding site 5. Exposed actin sites bind with myosin cross bridge, which have previously been energized by splitting of ATP into ADP + Pi + energy by the myosin ATPase site on the cross bridge 6. Binding of actin and myosin at a cross bridges causes the cross bridge to bend, producing a power stroke that pulls the thin filament inward. Inward sliding of all the filaments surounding a thick filament shortens sarcomere (cause muscle contraction)

Steps of excitation-contraction coupling and relaxation

7. Pi is released from the cross bridge during the power stroke; ADP is released after the power stroke is complete 8. Attachment of a new molecule of ATP permits detachment of he cross bridge, which returns to its original conformation 9. Splitting of the fresh ATP molecule by myosin ATP ase energizes the cross bridge once again 10. If Ca2+ is still present so that the troponin-tropomyosin complex remains pulled aside, the coss bridge go through another cycle of binding and bending, pulling the thin filament in even further 11. When there is no longer a local action potential and Ca2+ has been actively returned to its storage site in the sarcoplasmic reticulums lateral scs, the troponin-tropmyosin complex slips back into its blocking position, actin and myosin no longer bind at the cross bridge, and the thin filaments passively slide back to their resting position as relaxation takes place.

Physiology of Skeletal Muscle

1. Muscle twitch
A muscle twitch is the contraction of a single fiber or a whole muscle is response to a stimulus A muscle twitch has lag, contraction, and relaxation phases

2. Stimulus strength and muscle contraction

For a given condition, a muscle fiber or motor unit contracts with a consistent force in response to each action potential, which is called the all none law of skeletal muscle contraction
For a whole muscle, a stimulus of increasing magnitude results in graded contractions of increased force as more motor units are recruited (multiple motor unit summation)

3.
Physiology .

3. Stimulus frequency and muscle contraction

A stimulus of increasing frequency increases the force of contraction (multiple wave summation) Incomplete tetanus is partial relaxation between contraction, and complete tetanus is no relaxation between contractions

The force contraction of a whole muscle increases with increased frequency of stimulation because of an increasing concentration of Ca2+ around the myofibrils and because of complete stretching of muscle elastic elements
Trepe is a n increase in force of contraction during the first few contraction of a rested muscle

Twitch contraction .

Tension

Stimulus applied

Lag Contraction phase phase

Relaxation phase

Phases of a Muscle Contraction

Multiple motor unit summation .

Motor Unit One nerve fiber supplies a number of muscle fibers

Submaximal stimuli (increasing numbers of motor units respond) Threshold stimulus (one motor unit responds)

Subthreshold stimulus (no motor unit respond)

Supramaximal stimuli (all motor units respond)

Multiple Motor Unit Summation

Multiple wave summation ..

4
3 2

Multiple Wave Summation

Multiple wave summation caused by stimuli of increased frequency (1 5): complete relaxation between stimuli (1), incomplete tetanus partial relaxation between stimuli (24), and complete tetanus no relaxation between stimuli (5)
Trepe ..

Stimuli of constant strength

Trepe
When a rested muscle is stimulated repeatedly with maximal stimuli at a frequency that allows complete relaxation between stimuli, the second contraction produces a slightly greater tension than the first, and the third contraction produces a greater tension than the second. After a few contractions, the tension produced by all contraction is equal

Type of Muscle Contraction

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Isometric contractions cause a change in muscle tension but no change in muscle length. Isotonic contractions cause a change in muscle length but no change in muscle tension. Concentric contractions cause muscles to shorten and tension to increase (auxotonic contraction). Eccentric contractions cause muscles to increase the length and the tension to gradually decrease (lengthening contraction) Muscle tone is maintenance of a steady tension for long periods. Asynchronous contractions of motor units produce smooth, steady muscle contraction

Isotonic

Isometric

Auxotonic

Shortening contraction

Concentric Shortening contraction

Eccentric Lengthening contraction

Fatigue
1. 2. 3. Fatigue is the decreased ability to do work and the reduced efficiency of performance that normally follows a period of activity. Fatigue develop at three possible sites: the nervous system, the muscle, and neuromuscular junction Psychologic fatigue, the most common type, involves the CNS. The muscles are capable of functioning, but the individual perceives that additional muscular work is not possible. This fatigue depends on the emotional state. Muscular fatigue results from ATP depletion Synaptic fatigue occur in the neuromuscular junction caused by depletion of acetylcholine. This type is very rare.

4. 5.

Physiologic Contracture and Rigor Mortis 1. Physiologic contracture (inability of muscles to contract or to relax) result from inadequate amounts of ATP. ATP depletion causes the Ca2+ accumulates within the sarcoplasm, the myosin cross bridge cannot release from the actin. 2. Rigor mortis (stiff muscles after death). ATP production stops shortly after death ATP depletion. Ca2+ also leaks from the sarcoplasmic reticulum after cell death. Then cross bridges are unable to release and re-form in a cyclic fashion to produce contraction

Energy Sources
1. 2. Energy for muscle contraction comes from ATP Creatine phosphate is produced during resting condition by using energy from aerobic respiration. Creatine Phosphate + ADP creatine + ATP. ATP from this source provides energy for a short time (8 10 seconds) during intense exercise. Anaerobic respiration synthesizes ATP and is used to provide energy for a short time (up to 3 minutes) during intense exercise. Anaerobic respiration produces ATP less efficiently but more rapidly than aerobic respiration. Lactic acid level increase because of anaerobic respiration. Although more slowly, aerobic respiration produces ATP more efficiently. Aerobic respiration produces energy for muscle contractions under resting condition or during exercises such as long distance running. Oxygen debt is the difference between the amount of oxygen needed for aerobic respiration during muscle activity and the amount that actually was used. (After intense exercise, the rate of aerobic metabolism remains elevated for a time).

3.

4.

5.

Type of muscle fiber

1. Slow twitch, or High oxidative, muscle fibers.

Split ATP slowly and have a well-developed blood supply, many mitochondria, and myoglobin

2. Fast twitch, or Low oxidative, muscle fibers. Split ATP

Splits ATP rapidly Fatigable fast twitch fibers have large amount of glycogen, a poor blood supply, fewer mitochondria. And little myoglobin Fatigue resistant fast twitch fibers have a well-developed blood supply, more mitochondria, and more myoglobin

Characteristic of Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types

Characteristics
Fiber diameter Myoglobin content Mitochondria Capillaries Metabolism

Slow-twitch highoxidative (Type I)

Smallest High Many Many High aerobic capacity

Fast-twitch Lowoxidative (Type IIa)

Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate Intermediate aerobic capacity

Low-oxidative (Type IIx)

Largest Low Few Few Low aerobic capacity

Fatigue
Rate of ATP breakdown by ATPase in myosin Location where fibers are numerous Functions

Resistant
Slow

Resistant
Fast

Fast
Fast

Generally postural muscles and more in lower than upper limbs Endurance activities and posture

Can predominates in lower limbs (sprinters) Endurance activities in endurance trained muscles

Upper limbs (more in upper than lower limbs, more in legs Rapid, intense movements of short duration

Distribution of Fast twitch and Slow twitch muscle

1. Sprinter have a greater percentage of fast twitch muscle fibers

2. Good long distance runner have a higher percentage of slow twitch muscle fibers in their legs

Effects of Exercise
1. Muscle increase (hypertrophy) or decrease (atrophy) in size because of a change in the size of muscle fibers 2. Anaerobic exercise develops fatigable fast twitch fibers. Aerobic exercise develops slow twitch fibers and changes fatigable fast twitch fiber into fatigue resistant fast twitch fibers

Effect of Aging on Skeletal Muscle 1. Aging skeletal muscle is associated with reduced muscle mass, increased response time, and increased time that muscle takes to contract in response to nervous stimuli 2. Muscle fibers decrease in number, motor units decrease in number, and recovery time increases.

Heat production
1. Heat is produced as by-product of chemical reactions in muscles 2. Shivering produces heat to maintain body temperature

SMOOTH MUSCLE

SMOOTH MUSCLE
1. Smooth muscle cells are spindle-shaped with a single nucleus. They have actin myofilaments and myosin myofilaments but are not striated 2. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is poorly developed, and caveolae may function as a T tubule system

3. .

3. Ca2+ enters the cell to initiate contraction; calmodulin binds to Ca2+ and activates an enzyme that transfer a phosphate group from ATP to myosin. When phosphate groups are attached to myosin, cross-bridges form 4. Relaxation results when myosin phosphatase removes a phosphate group from the myosin molecule If phosphate while the cross-bridges are attached, relaxation occurs very slowly, and this is referred to as the catch phase If phosphate is removed while the cross-bridges are not attached, relaxation occurs rapidly

Types of Smooth Muscle

1. Visceral smooth muscle fibers contract slowly, have gap junction (and thus function as a single unit), and can be autorhythmic
2. Multiunit smooth muscle fibers contract rapidly in response to stimulation by neuron and function independently

Electrical Properties of Smooth muscle 1. Spontaneous contractions results from Na+ and Ca2+ leakage into cells, Na+ and Ca2+ movement into the cell is involved in depolarization 2. The autonomic nervous system and hormones can inhibit or stimulate action potentials (and thus contraction). Hormones can also stimulate or inhibit contractions without affecting membrane potentials

Functional Properties of Smooth Muscle 1. Smooth muscle can contract autorhythmically in response to stretch or when stimulated by autonomic nervous system or hormones. 2. Smooth muscle maintain a steady tension for long periods

3. The force of smooth muscle contraction remain nearly constant, despite changes in muscle length
4. Smooth muscle does not develop an oxygen debt

Regulation of Smooth Muscle

1. Smooth muscle is innervated by the autonomic nervous system and is involuntary

2. Hormones are important in regulating smooth muscle. Some hormones can increase the Ca2+ permeability of some smooth muscle membrane and, therefore, cause contraction without a change in the resting membrane potential.

CARDIAC MUSCLE

CARDIAC MUSCLE

Cardiac muscle fibers are striated, have a single nucleus, are connected by intercalated disks (thus function as a single unit), and are capable of autorhythmicity

Assignment
1. 2. List the function of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles and explain how each is accomplished. Define contractility, excitability, and elasticity of muscle tissue.

3.
4.

Compare the structure, function, location, and control of the three major muscle tissue types.
Define skeletal muscle fibers. Do the number of muscle fibers increases significantly after birth?

5.
6. 7. 8.

Name the connective tissue structures that surround muscle fibers, muscle fasciculi, and whole muscles. Define sarcolemma and fascia.
What are motor neuron? How do the axons of motor neurons and blood vessels extend to muscle fibers? Define sarcoplasm, myofibril, and myofilament. How do G actin, tropomyosin, and troponin combine to form an actin myofilament? Name the three subunits of troponin.

9.

Describe the structure of myosin molecules and how they combine to form a myosin myofilament.

10. List three important properties of the myosin head. What is a crossbridge?

11. How are Z disks, actin myofilaments, myosin myofilament, and M lines arranged to form a sarcomere? Describe how this arrangement produces the I band, A band, and h zone.
12. Why do the I band and H zones shorten during muscle contraction, but the length of the A band is unchanged? 13. How does shortening of sarcomeres explain muscle contraction?