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\
|
+ +
+ + + +
=
clutter f K H f K H d K
n dif f ractio f K H K d K K
L
clutter UE NodeB
NodeB
eff eff
eff
) ( log log
) ( log log
6 5
4 3 2 1
*see next slides for the values of the 7 multiplying
factors K1, ..., K6, Kclutter and the calculations of
the 3 functions f(diffraction), f(H
UEeff
), f(clutter)
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3.2 UMTS propagation model
Alcatel Standard Propagation Model
Can we consider for the antenna height in the L
path
formula the height above
the sea? the height above the ground?
What is the effective antenna height of NodeB and UE?
Typical values for the antenna height of NodeB and UE above the
ground level are:
H
NodeB above ground
= 20-25 m for urban and 30-35 m for suburban
H
UE above ground
= 1.5 m
These values and the topographic information between NodeB and UE
are used to calculate an effective antenna height H
NodeB eff
and H
UE eff
, in
order to model the real effect of antenna height on the pathloss.
The effective height and the height above the ground :
are equal on a flat terrain (of course)
can be very different on a hilly terrain
A n s w e r :
H e i g h t a b o v e t h e s e a : n o ( M e x i c o i s n t b e t t e r t h a n S h a n g h a i d u e t o i t s h i g h e r a l t i t u d e ! )
H e i g h t a b o v e g r o u n d : i t i s c a n b e a s t r o n g a p p r o x i m a t i o n o n a h i l l y t e r r a i n . I n d e e d a s s u m e a 2 0 m a n t e n n a i s l o c a t e d o n t h e t o p o f a 5 0 0 m h i l l . T h e h e i g h t a b o v e
g r o u n d i s 2 0 m , b u t t h e a n t e n n a h e i g h t s h o u d b e 5 2 0 m .
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3.2 UMTS propagation model
Alcatel Standard Propagation Model
Multiplying factors (directly derived from COST-Hata model)
Name
Value
Factor
related to
Comment
K1
23.6
(for f=
2140MHz)
constant
offset
used to take into account free space propagation and
reflections/refractions/scattering mechanisms for a standard
clutter class.
K2
44.9
d
same comment as K1.
K3
5.83
H
NodeB eff
same comment as K1.
K5
-6.55
d , H
NodeB eff
same comment as K1.
K6
0
H
UEeff
same comment as K1. As the contribution of f(H
UEeff
) is close
to zero, K6 is set to zero.
Propagation model parameters (1)
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3.2 UMTS propagation model
Alcatel Standard Propagation Model
Multiplying factors (not included in COST-Hata model)
Name
Value Factor
related to
Comment
K4
1
f(diffracti
on)
used to take into account diffraction mechanisms see
further comments on f(diffraction).
Kclutter
1
f (clutter)
used to take into account the necessary correction compared to
the standard clutter class see further comments on
f(clutter).
Propagation model parameters (2)
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3.2 UMTS propagation model
Alcatel Standard Propagation Model
Clutter Class*
Clutter
Loss
1
buildings
-1.0
2
dense urban
-3.0
3
mean urban
-6.0
4
suburban
-8.0
5
residential
-11.0
6
village
-14.0
7
rural
-20.0
8
industrial
-14.0
9
open in urban
-12.0
10
forest
-9.0
11
parks
-15.0
12
open area
-24.0
13
water
-27.0
Propagation model parameters (3)
clutter losses based on experienced values
*BE CAREFUL: do not confuse clutter classes and environment classes (see 2.2)
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3.2 UMTS propagation model
Alcatel Standard Propagation Model
Calculation of the diffraction loss f(diffraction)
Approximation: an obstacle of height H between NodeB and UE is modeled
as an infinite conductive plane of height H.
Case 1: one obstacle
Node
B
UE
What is the diffraction loss in case 1 (use the curve on the next
page)?
r
h
0
Fresnel Ellipsoid
(first order)
Infinite conductive plane
H
A n s w e r :
h
0
= r v = - 1 f ( d i f f r a c t i o n ) = 1 4 d B
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3.2 UMTS propagation model
Alcatel Standard Propagation Model
Knife-edge diffraction function
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Clearance of Fresnel ellipsoid (v)
F
(
v
)
[
d
B
]
Calculation of the diffraction loss f(diffraction)
Case 1: one obstacle (continuing)
Diffraction loss for one obstacle:
v: clearance parameter,
v=-h
0
/r
r: Fresnel ellipsoid
radius,
h
0
: height
of obstacle
above line of sight
(LOS)
Note:
h
0
= 0 v =0 F(v) =
6 dB
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3.2 UMTS propagation model
Alcatel Standard Propagation Model
Calculation of the diffraction loss f(diffraction)
Case 2: several obstacles
Node
B
UE
The diffraction loss in case 2 is not easy to calculate: it is not equal
to the sum of the contributions of each obstacle alone (it is usually
smaller).
Different calculations methods can be applied based on the
General method for one or more obstacles described in ITU 526-5
recommendations, e.g Deygout, Epstein-Peterson or Millington
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3.2 UMTS propagation model
Alcatel Standard Propagation Model
Calculation of f(clutter):
In the L
path
formula, the multiplying factors K1,..,K6 are calculated for a
standard clutter class: f(clutter) is a correction factor compared to the
standard clutter class.
f(clutter) is calculated taking into account a clutter loss* average of all
pixels located in the line of sight and in a circle around the UE (the circle
radius, called Max distance, is typically 200m).
Pixel
Node
B
UE
Water clutter class pixel
clutter loss = -27 dB (typically)
Forest clutter class pixel
clutter loss = -9 dB (typically)
*(also called clutter or morpho correction factor)
in this example, 3 pixels are considered to
calculate f(clutter)
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3.2 UMTS propagation model
Alcatel Standard Propagation Model
Calculation of f(clutter):
How are provided the clutter loss values?
based on experienced values: simple, accuracy of +/-3 dB (see
previously)
based on calibration measurements: complex and expensive way,
but accuracy of +/-1 dB.
Is it possible to reuse GSM1800 calibration measurements(in order to
save costs of expensive measurement campaigns)?
The difference between 1850 MHz (middle of GSM1800 band) and 2140
MHz (middle of DL UMTS FDD band) involves:
fixed offset of 0.9dB for all clutters taken into account in K1:
K1=24.5 (COST-Hata value for f=2140MHz) 0.9dB = 23.6
no significant correction offset per clutter except if large vegetation
is penetrated
Conclusion: GSM 1800 calibrations can be reused. Only for clutter type
mainly covered by vegetation, additional calibration is recommended.
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3.2 UMTS propagation model
Alcatel Standard Propagation Model
Calculation of f(clutter) (simplified*):
all the values are negative and are given compared to the standard
clutter class for which f(clutter) =0 dB (the worst case)
Example:
Clutter Class
f(clutter)
(simplified*)
Dense urban -3
Urban -6
Sub-urban -8
Rural -20
*Assumption:
homogeneous
clutter class around
the UE
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3.2 UMTS propagation model
Other Propagation Models
Other propagation models can be applied, especially for micro-cell planning:
e.g. Walfish-Ikegami or Ray-Tracing
necessary to have building and road databases (expensive)
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3.2 UMTS propagation model
Alcatel Standard Propagation Model (simplified formula)
Clutter
class
d
UE-
NodeB
[km]
C1
[dB]
C2 x log(d
UE-NodeB
)
[dB]
L
path
[dB]
Dense
Urban
0.5
1
2
Suburban
0.5
1
2
*Assumptions:
-H
NodeBeff
=30m
-no diffraction
-homogeneous
clutter class around
the UE
Exercise:
Lets consider the simplified* formula of the Alcatel Standard
Propagation Model:
L
path
[dB] = C1 + C2 x log(d
UE-NodeB
[km])
Can you complete the table?
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3. Link Budget (in Uplink) and Cell Range Calculation
3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading modeling
Objective:
to be able to find out the UL margins due to fading
effects (fast fading and shadowing)
to be able to describe the fading effects in UL and
in DL
83
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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
Definition of fading(1)
Lets consider a the received power level C of a UE at the cell edge, taking
into account the pathloss, all gains, all losses and all margins, except
shadowing and fast fading margins.
Node
B
UE
EIRP
UE
Reference_Sensitivity
NodeB,k
=
C
threshold
(fixed value for a given
service k)
UE received power C
Time
C
mean
=C
threshold
(fixed value)
UE received power C
oscillates around a
mean value C
mean
equal to C
threshold
Cell Range
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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
Definition of fading(2)
Shadowing (or Slow Fading or long-
term fading )
Fast Fading (or Multipath fading or
small-scale fading or Rayleigh
fading)
C
mean
C
threshold
(fixed value)
Time
UE received power C
Shadowing and fast fading margins are
necessary to maintain the UE received
power C above the fixed C
threshold
during the
most part of the time
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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
Shadowing (1)
Cause:
Shadowing holes appear in the
received power C when the UE is in
the shadow of large objects
(size>10m)
Modeling:
The received power C can be
modeled as a Log-normal
distribution with:
a mean value C
mean
a standard deviation o,
typically o=7-8 dB (clutter
dependent)
Note: GSM1800 calibrations can
be reused for the o values.
Signal distribution
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
std dev=8 dB
std dev = 4dB
std dev= 2dB
std dev= 6dB
C
mean
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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
Shadowing (2)
Definition of reliability level and reliability margin:
Reliability level* =% of time for the received power C to be above
C
threshold
(for a sufficient observation time period) at a given pixel
Reliability margin
x%
=C
mean
offset compared to the fixed C
threshold
to get
a reliability level of x%
Wanted reliability level=50%
Reliability margin
50%
=0dB
C
mean
= C
threshold
UE received power C
Time
C
mean
=C
threshold
(fixed
value)
UE received power C
Time
C
threshold
(fixed
value)
C
mean
reliability margin
50
%
95
%
Wanted reliability level=95%
Reliability margin
95%
=10dB (for o=6)
C
mean
= C
threshold
+10dB
(see next slide for calculation of Reliability margin
x%
)
*also called local coverage probability or
coverage probability per pixel
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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
Shadowing (3)
Reliability level (also called local coverage probability or
coverage probability per pixel)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
-20 -10 0 10 20
AF = (F
med
- F
thr
) /dB
Reliability margin
95.2%
=10dB
95,2
%
50%
probability
for F
med
=F
thr
Curve for a standard
deviation o=6dB
k
-
-0.5
0
1
1.3
1.65
2
2.33
+
Reliability
level
0%
30%
50%
84%
90%
95%
97.7%
99%
100%
Reliability margin*=ko
* be careful! the reliability margin
(defined above) corresponds to the
GSM shadowing margin, but not to
the UMTS shadowing margin (see
further)
Calculation of reliability margin*:
It depends on the reliability level and on the standard deviation o
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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
Shadowing (4)
Values for the standard deviation o :
Power level [dBm] (e.g CPICH RSCP):
it can be modeled as a log-normal variable with a standard variation o
(clutter dependent value, typically 7dB or 8dB)
Ratio [dB] (e.g CPICH Ec/Io or UL/DL Eb/No)
it can normally NOT be modeled as a log-normal variable, because the
numerator and the denominator are modeled as separate log-normal
variables with separate standard deviations.
Approximation: a ratio is modeled as a log-normal variable with a standard
deviation o which is estimated according to the correlation between the
numerator and the denominator:
o
CPICH Ec/Io
: strong correlation between shadowing effect on Ec and
shadowing effect on Io. o
CPICH Ec/Io
is constant (Field value:3dB)
o
DL Eb/No
: same as CPICH Ec/No
o
UL Eb/No
: no specific correlation between Eb and No. o
UL Eb/No
is a
clutter dependent value as for CPICH RSCP
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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
Shadowing (5)
Reliability level=87%
Reliability level=98%
Reliability level=95%
Cell coverage probability=95%
Definition of area (cell) coverage probability:
If the reliability levels are provided at each pixel of a area (or a cell), it is
easy to calculate the Area(or cell) coverage probability as the average of
all reliability levels.
Area (cell) coverage probability=% of time for the received power C to
be above C
threshold
(for a sufficient observation time period) in average over
the area(cell).
Average
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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
Shadowing (6)
Definition of shadowing margin:
If the area (cell) coverage probability is provided (from the radio network
requirement, see 2.4), it is possible to find out the reliability levels in the
area (cell).
Reliability level=?
Reliability Margin
cell edge
=?
Reliability level=?
Reliability level=?
Cell coverage probability=95%
For a UE at cell edge:
Shadowing margin* = Reliability Margin
cell edge
Soft/Softer HO Gain
*the UMTS shadowing margin (defined above) is NOT the same as the GSM shadowing margin(=Reliability Margin)
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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
Shadowing (7)
How to calculate the shadowing margin for a received power C?
It depends on:
Wanted cell coverage probability
Clutter class of the UE
UE soft/softer handover state and correlation factor between UE
radio links (0=no correlation, typically 0.5)
Examples in uplink (Source: Alcatel simulations)
Note:in case of soft/er handover (it is
typically the case for a UE at cell edge), the
soft/er handover gain partially compensates
for the additional path loss caused by
shadowing.
Shadowing margin (dB)
(no SHO)
UL Shadowing margin (dB)
(SHO, 2 legs)
Cell
coverage
probability
o = 6 o = 8 o = 12 o = 6 o = 8 o = 12
95 % 5.9 8.7 14.6 3.1 4.8 8.5
90 % 3.3 5.4 10.0 0.6 2.1 6.4
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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
Fast Fading (1)
Cause: summation and cancellation of different signal components of the
same signal which travel on multiple paths
Modeling
Rayleigh distributed fading with correlation distance /2
Note: =15 cm for f=2GHz
positive fades are less strong than negative fades (unequal power
variance)
Rayleigh
Small-Scale
Fading
Rayleigh
PDF
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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
UL Fast Fading (2)
How to compensate for fast fading losses in UPLINK?
Case 1: slow moving UE (0-50km/h)
Power control (inner loop at 1500Hz) compensates fairly well with a TX
power increase for the fast fading losses in the serving cell, but:
It works only if the UE has enough TX power Power Control
Headroom (called Fast Fading Margin) necessary, especially for
the UEs at the cell edge (see further)
Side effect: increase of f value (little i value) for the surrounding
cells (see further)
Case 2: fast moving UE (>50km/h)
Power Control loop is too slow to compensate for fast fading
A margin is necessary to compensate for the fast fading losses: this
margin is not explicit, but implicitly included in the (Eb/No)
req
values
(see 2.2)
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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
UL Fast Fading (3)
How to calculate Power Control Headroom (Fast Fading Margin) for slow
moving UEs (Case 1)?
Fast fading depends on:
required BER (or BLER)
UE speed
Multipath environment (Vehicular A, Pedestrian A)
UE soft/softer handover state and power difference between UE
radio links
Example for uplink (Source: Alcatel simulations)
Fast fading margin (dB) for
several target BLER
Multipath
environment
10
-1
10
-2
10
-3
10
-4
Dense urban, urban,
suburban (Veh. 3km/h)
0.6 1.7 2.5 3.3
Rural (Veh. 50 km/h) -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.2
Assumption:
Soft handover
considered with 2 links
and 3dB power
difference between the
2 links
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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
UL Fast Fading (4)
- 5
- 10
- 15
0
5
10
15
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Seconds, 3km/ h
d
B
Channel
Transmitted
power
Node-B
received
power
Average
transmit
power
Power
rise
What about the side-effect for slow moving UE (Case 1)?
Fast fading in serving cell and in neighboring cells are not correlated:
impact on neighboring cells due to UE TX power increase which causes
additional UL extra-cell interference (called average power rise)
increase of f value (little i value)
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3.3 UMTS shadowing and fast fading model
DL Fast Fading (5)
How to compensate for fast fading losses in DOWNLINK?
Case 1: slow moving UE (0-50km/h)
As in uplink, power control compensates fairly well with a TX power increase the loss
due to fast fading in the serving cell, but:
Power Control Headroom (called Fast Fading Margin) necessary for NodeB,
but much smaller than in uplink, because:
NodeB TX power is a shared power resource: the NodeB has to
compensate channel variations due to fast fading for all UEs in the cell
There is a very low probability that all UEs be in a fading dip at the same
time
Typical value: 2 dB on the overall available power
Case 2: fast moving UE
(>50km/h)
same as in UL (see previous
slides)
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3. Link Budget (in Uplink) and Cell Range Calculation
3.4 Calculation of Node B reference sensitivity
Objective:
to be able to calculate the reference sensitivity for
a given service bit rate, BER, UE speed and UE
multipath environment
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3.4 Calculation of Node B reference sensitivity
Definition of Reference_Sensitivity
The received Eb/No for a given UE at the
NodeB reference point must apply:
Eb/No[dB] > (Eb/No)
req
[dB]
Note:
Eb/No=C/(I+N C) + PG (definition, see 1.3)
NodeB reference point=NodeB antenna connector
(see 3GPP 25.104)
[dB]
N
N-C I
N[dBm] [dB] [dB] PG (Eb/No)
)[dBm] N-C (I [dB] [dB] PG (Eb/No) [dBm] C
req
req
min
min min
+
+ + =
+ + =
Reference_Sensitivity [dBm]
defined with reference to N
it is service dependent
Interference Margin [dB]
= Noise Rise [dB] 10log{1+ (Ec/No)
req
}
see 3.5 for more details
Node
B
UE
As a consequence, the minimum received power C
min
shall apply:
NodeB antenna
connector
Feeder
Antenna
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3.4 Calculation of Node B reference sensitivity
Calculation of Reference_Sensitivity
with:
N=-108.1dBm+ NF
NodeB
=-104.1dBm (assuming NF
NodeB
=4dB)
PG is the Processing Gain (service dependent):
PG=25dB for speech 12.2k
PG=17.8dB for CS 64k
PG=10dB for PS 384k
(Eb/No)
req
is a fixed value (see 2.2)
Note: (Eb/No)
req
depends in UE speed and UE multipath environment (Vehicular
A 50km/h...) in order to take into account the multipath diversity effect:
gain due to multipath combining in the rake receiver
loss due to multipath fading holes (see 3.4)
N[dBm] [dB] [dB] PG (Eb/No) [dBm] nsitivity ference_Se
req
+ = Re
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3. Link Budget (in Uplink) and Cell Range Calculation
3.5 UMTS interference modeling
Objective:
to be able to calculate the UL interference margin
for a given traffic load
to be able to describe the interference effects in
UL and in DL
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3.5 UMTS interference modeling
Calculation of interference margin
The NodeB reference_sensitivity is defined with reference to the fixed
received thermal noise at receiver N: it is necessary to apply a correction
factor, called Interference Margin in order to take into account the effect of the
movable received interference I:
} linear (Ec/No) { e [dB] Noise Ris in [dB] ce M Interferen
req
] [ 1 log 10 arg + =
with:
Noise Rise [dB] depends on the interference level I (ie on the traffic
load):
I=C
min
Noise Rise ~ 0,2dB
I=N Noise Rise=3dB
I=3N Noise Rise=6dB
{10 log {1+ (Ec/No)
req
[linear]}
typically between 0.1dB (for speech 12.2k) and 0.8dB (for PS 384k)
small value because (Ec/No)
req
(linear value) <<1 (the useful signal
level is always far below the noise floor in W-CDMA )
it can be neglected except for very high bit rates
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3.5 UMTS interference modeling
Noise Rise and Traffic load(1)
Definition:
C
j
[dBm]: received power of the transmitter j (UE
j
in UL, NodeB
j
in DL)
X
j
[%]: load factor for j defined as the contribution of j to the total noise (I+N)
C
j
=X
j
x (I+N)
X[%]: load factor defined as the sum of the contributions for all transmitters
X
UL
=sum
all UEs in the network
(X
j
) ; X
DL
=sum
all NodeBs in the network
(X
j
)
We can demonstrate that:
X
[dB] Noise Rise
|
.
|
\
|
=
1
1
log 10
Example in Uplink
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 81 91 100
X
UL
(%)
50% of cell load
(3dB of interference)
max loading : 75%
N
o
i
s
e
R
i
s
e
l
(
d
B
)
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3.5 UMTS interference modeling
Noise Rise and Traffic load(2)
Uplink
Noise Rise and X
UL
are cell specific
parameters (useful to characterize UL
cell load)
X
UL
can tend toward 100% (just by
adding new UEs in the network)
Noise Rise can tend towards infinity
the system can be unstable.
Downlink
Noise Rise and X
DL
are UE specific
parameters (not convenient)
X
DL
can not tend toward 100%
(because the TX power of NodeBs
has a fix limit Noise Rise can not
tend towards infinity the system
can not be unstable.
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3.5 UMTS interference modeling
Traffic load and UL load factor (1)
Relationship between X
UL
and traffic load for one cell:
Does X
UL
depend on:
the traffic mix?
the user distribution in the serving cell?
the user distribution in the surrounding cells?
X
UL
can be calculated analytically with the assumption that I
extra
=f x I
intra
with f constant value:
A n s w e r :
D o e s X
U L
d e p e n d o n :
- t h e t r a f f i c m i x ? y e s ( d u e t o d i f f e r e n t ( E b / N o )
r e q
v a l u e s a n d P G v a l u e s )
- t h e u s e r d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e s e r v i n g c e l l ? n o ( d u e t o p o w e r c o n t r o l )
- t h e u s e r d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e s u r r o u n d i n g c e l l s ? y e s , b u t t h e m o s t p o l l u t i n g u s e r s i n t h e s u r r o u n d i n g c e l l s s h o u l d s t o p t o p o l l u t b y t a k i n g t h e s e r v i n g c e l l i n t h e i r a c t i v e
s e t ( s o f t / s o f t e r h a n d o v e r ) a n d b e i n g t h e r e f o r e p o w e r c o n t r o l l e d b y t h e s e r v i n g c e l l
( )
( )
cell serving the in users of number N with
Factor Activity
rate Chip
Rate Bit Service
No
Eb
1
Factor Activity
rate Chip
Rate Bit Service
No
Eb
f) (1 [%] X
N
1 k
k
k
k req,
k
k
k req,
UL
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
=
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3.5 UMTS interference modeling
Traffic load and UL load factor (2)
X
UL
typical values (commonly used):
Very low loadX
UL
=5%Noise Rise=0.2dB
Medium loadX
UL
=50%Noise Rise=3dB(typical default value)
High loadX
UL
=75% Noise Rise=6dB (at the limit of system
instability)
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3.5 UMTS interference modeling
What about DL load factor?
As Noise Rise and X
DL
are not convenient to characterize the DL cell load,
another parameter is commonly used:
Orthogonality effect
In downlink, the orthogonality of channelization codes reduces the intra-
cell interference I
intra
:
I
intra
[W]=(1-o) x sum
DL users in the cell
(C
i
) with o Orthogonality Factor
o=0no orthogonality I
intra
= sum
DL users in the cell
(C
i
)
o=1perfect orthogonality I
intra
= 0 W
3GPP values for Orthogonality Factor o:
o=0.6 for Vehicular A
o=0.94 for Pedestrian A
Note: there is no orthogonality effect in UL because the codes of UL physical channels
come from different UEs and are therefore not synchronized each over.
cell[W] the for NodeB power TX Maximum
cell[W] the for NodeB power TX
[%] factor load power DL =
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3. Link Budget (in Uplink) and Cell Range Calculation
3.6 Calculation of cell range
Objective:
to be able to calculate the MAPL with a manual
UL link budget and to deduce the cell range
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3.6 Calculation of cell range
Exercise: MAPL
UL
calculation (1)
Fixed assumptions:
Antenna gain
UE
+ Internal losses
UE
= 0dB
Antenna gain
NodeB
=18dBi
Feeder and Connector losses=3dB
Thermal noise=-108.1 dBm and NF
NodeB
=4dB
EXAMPLE 1:
Service/UE mobility assumptions are given (see table EXAMPLE 1)
Can you complete the table EXAMPLE 1?
EXAMPLE 2:
EIRP, Reference_sensitivity, margins, losses and MAPL are given (see table
EXAMPLE 2)
Can you find the service/UE mobility assumptions?
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3.6 Calculation of cell range
Exercise: MAPL
UL
calculation (2)
EXAMPLE 1 UL link budget for:
UE power class 4
Speech12.2kbits/s
Vehicular A 3km/h
UE in soft(or softer) handover state with
2 radio links
Deep Indoor
Cell coverage probability=95%, o=8
UL load factor=50%
Value in
Comment
f.a.=fixed
assumption
(see
previously)
A. On the transmitter side
A1 UE TX power dBm see 2.3
A2 Antenna gain
UE
+ Internal losses
UE
dB f.a.
A3 EIRP
UE
dBm A1+A2
B. On the receiver side
B1 (Eb/No)
req
dB see 2.2
B2 Processing Gain dB see 1.3
B3 NF
NodeB
dB f.a.
B4 Thermal noise dBm f.a.
B5 Reference_Sensitivity
NodeB
dBm
B1-B2+B3+B4
(continuing on next slide)
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3.6 Calculation of cell range
Exercise: MAPL
UL
calculation (3)
EXAMPLE 1 continuing Value in Comment
f.a.=fixed
assumption
(see
previously)
C. Margins
C1 Shadowing margin dB see 3.3
C2 Fast fading margin dB see 3.3
C3 Noise Rise dB see 3.5
C4 10 log {1+ (Ec/No)
req
} dB see 3.5
C5 Interference margin dB C3-C4
D. Losses
D1 Feeders and connectors dB f.a.
D2 Body loss dB see 2.2
D3 Penetration loss (indoor margin) dB see 2.2
E. Gains
E1 Antenna gain
NodeB
dBi f.a.
MAPL dB =?
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3.6 Calculation of cell range
Exercise: MAPL
UL
calculation (4)
EXAMPLE 2 UL link budget for:
UE power class ?
Service: ?
Multipath Environment: ?
UE in soft(or softer) handover state?
Indoor margin:?
Cell coverage probability=?, o=?
UL load factor=?
Value in
Comment
f.a.=fixed
assumption
(see
previously)
A. On the transmitter side
A1 UE TX power 24 dBm see 2.3
A2 Antenna gain
UE
+ Internal losses
UE
0 dB f.a.
A3 EIRP
UE
24 dBm A1+A2
B. On the receiver side
B1 (Eb/No)
req
3.2 dB see 2.2
B2 Processing Gain 17.8 dB see 1.3
B3 NF
NodeB
4 dB f.a.
B4 Thermal noise -108.1 dBm f.a.
B5 Reference_Sensitivity
NodeB
-118.7 dBm
B1-B2+B3+B4
(continuing on next slide)
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3.6 Calculation of cell range
Exercise: MAPL
UL
calculation (5)
EXAMPLE 2 continuing Value in Comment
f.a.=fixed
assumption
(see
previously)
C. Margins
C1 Shadowing margin 4.8 dB see 3.3
C2 Fast fading margin -0.3 dB see 3.3
C3 Noise Rise 3 dB see 3.5
C4 10 log {1+ (Ec/No)
req
} 0.1 dB see 3.5
C5 Interference margin 2.9 dB C3+C4
D. Losses
D1 Feeders and connectors 3 dB f.a.
D2 Body loss 3 dB see 2.2
D3 Penetration loss (indoor margin) 8 dB see 2.2
E. Gains
E1 Antenna gain
NodeB
18 dBi f.a.
MAPL 139.3 dB
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3.6 Calculation of cell range
Exercise: cell range calculation (6)
Can you complete the following table by using the simplified formula of the
Alcatel Standard propagation model (see exercise in 3.2)?
Limiting Service Clutter class
Cell Range
[km]
Speech 12.2k
Dense urban
Urban
Suburban
Rural
PS64
Dense urban
Urban
Suburban
Rural
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4. Initial Radio Network Design
UMTS Radio Network Planning Fundamentals
Duration:
4h00
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4. Initial Radio Network Design
Session presentation
Objective:
to be able to have the theoretical background to create an
initial network design using a RNP tool*: the aim is to fulfill
the radio network requirements with lowest possible costs.
Program:
4.1 Positioning the sites on the map
4.2 Coverage Prediction for CPICH RSCP
4.3 UMTS Traffic Simulations
4.4 Coverage Predictions for CPICH Ec/Io and DL/UL services
4.5 Traffic emulation approach or fixed load approach?
* the aim of this training is not to learn how to use A9155 RNP tool. There is another
training course for that purpose (3FL 11195 ABAA Alcatel 9155 RNP Operation)
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4. Initial Radio Network Design
Overview
Cell range
calculation
(see 3)
Positioning the sites
on the map (4.1)
CPICH RSCP
coverage
prediction
(4.2)
Traffic
simulation
(4.3)
Coverage predictions(4.4)
- CPICH Ec/Io
-UL Eb/No
-DL Eb/No
Basic radio network parameter
definition (5)
RNP
requirements
fulfilled?
Fixed load
default values
Traffic parameters
Propagation model parameters
Network design parameters
Basic radio network
optimization (6)
Traffic map
Traffic emulation
approach
Fixed load
approach
Change network
design parameters
Initial Radio Network Design
YES
NO
RNP requirements
fulfilled?
NO
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4. Initial Radio Network Design
4.1 Positioning the sites on the map
Objective:
to be able to get a coarse positioning of NodeB sites
on the planning area and to apply a UMTS parameter
set for network design parameters.
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4.1 Positioning the sites on the map
Calculation of inter-site distance
Manual Method:
Description:
1. calculate MAPL
UL
for the limiting service by performing a manual
UL link budget (see 3)
2. deduce the cell range and the inter-site distance:
Inter-site distance = 1.5 x Cell Range for a 3-sectored site
Advantage:
quick, because it can be performed by hand even if RNP tool and digital
maps are not available yet.
Inconvenient:
imprecise, because topographic data and detailed clutter data are not
taken into account.
Typical inter-site distance: Dense urban: 350-450 m, Urban: 500-650 m,
Sub-urban:900 -1200 m, Rural: 2000 - 3000 m
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4.1 Positioning the sites on the map
Site map
The sites are positioned in the planning area roughly respecting the inter-site
distance for each clutter class:
Existing GSM sites can be reused
The sites should be positioned close to the dense traffic zones (see
traffic map in 2.2)
Planning area
The initial site map is
regularly updated based on
site acquisition and site survey
results.
Note: At this stage, search
radii may already be issued, in
order to start the long process
of site acquisition
Site map
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4.1 Positioning the sites on the map
Network Design Parameters (1)
.
Network design parameters site
wise
Typical value Comment
Number of UL/DL hardware
resources
R2: 2BB boards
R3: 4 BB boards
see 2.3
Number of sectors 3
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4.1 Positioning the sites on the map
Network Design Parameters (2)
.
Network design parameters
sector wise
Typical value Comment
Number of carriers 1
TMA usage no
Antenna
parameters
model 65 horizontal beam width
azimuth 0, 120 and 240 3 sectored site
height
20-25m for urban
30-35 m for suburban
gain 18dBi
downtilt 6 mechanical +electrical downtilt
RXdiv yes
TXdiv no
DL feeder and connector losses 3dB see 3.1
UL feeder and connector losses 3dB see 3.1
Noise Figure 4dB see 2.3
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4.1 Positioning the sites on the map
Network Design Parameters (3)
.
Network design parameters cell
wise
also called Cell Parameters
Typical value Comment
see Appendix for a complete description of Cell Parameters. Here are only described the cell parameters which
have an impact on traffic simulations and coverage predictions (4)
Max. total power (for the cell) 43dBm see 2.3
CPICH (Pilot) power 33dBm 10% of Total power
Other common physical channels
power
35dBm CPICH power + 2dB
AS threshold 3dB
maximum threshold between
the CPICH Ec/Io of the best
transmitter and the CPICH
Ec/Io of another transmitter so
that this transmitter becomes
part of the UE active set
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4. Initial Radio Network Design
4.2 Coverage Prediction for CPICH RSCP (=C
CPICH
=Pilot level=
Pilot field strength)
Objective:
to be able to check that the CPICH RSCP coverage
probability is in line with the network requirements
perform, interpret and improve a CPICH RSCP
coverage prediction
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4.2 Coverage Prediction for CPICH RSCP (=C
CPICH
=Pilot level)
How to perform the prediction?(1)
Calculation
Radius of
NodeBj
Calculation
Area of
NodeBj
NodeBj
Virtual UE
scanning the
Calculation Areas
of all NodeBs
Step1: enter the prediction inputs
e.g. definition of Calculation Areas
Planning Area
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Node
B
Virtual UE
CPICH TX power
CPICH RSCP(=CPICH RX power)
No shadowing
(Shadowing margin=0dB in this step)
at each pixel*:
CPICH RSCP[dBm] = CPICH TX power[dBm] +Gain
NodeB antenna
[dB]
Loss
NodeB feeder cables
[dB] L
path
[dB]
Step2: the tool calculates the CPICH RSCP values for the virtual UE (without
considering shadowing effect)
*The calculation is performed for a given resolution, typically
at each pixel of the Calculation Areas (see Step1)
4.2 Coverage Prediction for CPICH RSCP (=C
CPICH
=Pilot level)
How to perform the prediction?(2)
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4.2 Coverage Prediction for CPICH RSCP (=C
CPICH
=Pilot level)
How to perform the prediction?(3)
Step3: the tool calculates the reliability level for each CPICH RSCP value
(calculated in Step2) in order to consider the shadowing effect
(at each pixel)
CPICH RSCP- (CPICH RSCP)
minimum
=Reliability Margin
with (CPICH RSCP)
minimum
=fixed value
Reliability Margin = f(Reliability Level, Standard deviation o)
o is given by the clutter map
we can deduce a CPICH RSCP reliability level (per pixel)
Example:
assume CPICH RSCP=-94 dBm, (CPICH RSCP)
minimum
=-104dBm, o=6dB
What is the reliability level for this CPICH RSCP value (use the curve
in3.3)?
A n s w e r :
R e l i a b i l i t y M a r g i n = 1 0 d B R e l i a b i l i t y l e v e l = 9 5 % ( o = 6 d B )
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From the radio network requirements (see 2.4), it is known:
(CPICH RSCP)
minimum
required Area Coverage Probability (typically 95%)
Area Coverage Probability:
it is the average of all Reliability Levels per pixel (calculated in Step3)
over the Planning Area
it can be calculated by a tool and has to be compared with the
required Area Coverage Probability
4.2 Coverage Prediction for CPICH RSCP (=C
CPICH
=Pilot level)
How to interpret the prediction?
Reliability level=80%
Reliability level=98%
Reliability level=95%
Area coverage probability>required value?
if yes, network design is OK
else network design has to be improved Reliability level=50%
Reliability level=99%
Reliability level=98%
Reliability level=95%
Reliability level=70%
Reliability level=98%
Planning
Area
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1. What happens if you have a bad CPICH RSCP coverage in an area?
2. Does the CPICH RSCP coverage depend on traffic load?
3. Which are the input parameters for the CPICH RSCP coverage prediction?
4. Shall the calculation radius be greater or smaller than the inter-site
distance?
5. Make some suggestions to improve the prediction results
4.2 Coverage Prediction for CPICH RSCP (=C
CPICH
=Pilot level)
Exercise
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4. Initial Radio Network Design
4.3 UMTS Traffic Simulations
Objective:
to be able to check that the network capacity is in line
with the traffic demand by performing traffic
simulations with a RNP tool
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4.3 UMTS traffic simulations
Why do we need traffic simulations?(1)
Traffic Map (see2)
Traffic demand modeling
Can the capacity cope with the demand in UL and in DL?
Site map (see 4.1)
Network capacity modeling
it is necessary to calculate the UL/DL network capacity to check that it is
in line with the traffic demand.
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4.3 UMTS traffic simulations
Why do we need traffic simulations?(2)
How to calculate the UL/DL network capacity?
Problem: the capacity depends on the user distribution (at least in DL)
Solution: a traffic simulation can be performed (= a snapshot of UMTS
network at a given time, one possible scenario among infinite number of
scenarii).
User distribution 1 User distribution 2
384k
12.2k
Cell
NodeB
12.2k
384k (in outage)
Cell
NodeB
Suburban
environment
class
Network capacity 1 > Network capacity 2 (for the same traffic map)
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4.3 UMTS traffic simulations
How to perform a traffic simulation?(1)
Traffic simulation inputs
typical
value
Comment
Traffic simulation parameters (only used for traffic simulations)
Maximum UL load factor 75%
limit of system instability. If this threshold is overcome,
some UEs are put in outage.
Number of iterations 100 RNP tool dependent values. Trade off between
precision and calculation time
Convergence criteria 3%
Orthogonality factor (per
clutter)
0.6 0.6 for Vehicular A ; 0.94 for Pedestrian A
Traffic mapsee 2.2
Propagation model parameterssee 3.2
Network design parameterssee 4.1
Step 1: enter the traffic simulation inputs
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4.3 UMTS traffic simulations
How to perform a traffic simulation?(2)
Step 2: the RNP tool provides a realistic user distribution
Used input: traffic map
The RNP tool provides a snapshot of the network at a given time (based on the
traffic map and Monte-Carlo random algorithm):
a distribution of users (with terminal used, speed and multipath
environment) in the planning area
a distribution of services among the users
a distribution of activity factors among the speech users in order to
simulate the DTX (Discontinuous Transmission) feature
Example:
Mobile phone
Vehicular 50km/h
Speech 12.2k (active)
PDA
Vehicular 3km/h
PS384
24 users
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4.3 UMTS traffic simulations
How to perform a traffic simulation?(3)
Step 3: the RNP tool checks the UL/DL service availability for each user
Used inputs: user distribution (see Step1) +Propagation model
parameters+Network design parameters+ traffic simulations parameters
UL/DL link loss calculations are performed iteratively due to (fast) power
control mechanisms in order to get:
needed UE TX power for each UE
needed NodeB TX power for each cell
Each of the following conditions is checked: if one of them is not fulfilled, the
concerned user will be ejected (service blocked):
Conditions in UL:
1) needed UE TX power <
Maximum UE TX power
2) UL load factor < Maximum
UL load factor (typical value:
75%)
3) enough UL NodeB
processing capacity
Conditions in DL:
1) CPICH Ec/Io < ( CPICH Ec/Io)
required
2) needed NodeB TX power < Maximum NodeB
TX power (ie DL Power load<100%)
3) (for each traffic channel) needed TX power <
Max TX power per channel
4) enough DL NodeB processing capacity
5) needed number of codes < max number of
codes
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4.3 UMTS traffic simulations
Traffic simulation outputs
DL (power) load factor per cell
UL load factor per cell
Percentage of soft handover
Percentage of blocked service requests and reasons for blocking (ejection
causes)
Example of ejection causes with A9155 RNP tool:
the signal quality is not sufficient:
on downlink:
not enough CPICH quality: Ec/Io<(Ec/Io)
min
not enough TX power for one traffic channel(tch): Ptch > Ptch max
on uplink:
not enough TX power for one UE (mob): Pmob > Pmob max
the network is saturated:
the maximum UL load factor is exceeded (at admission or congestion).
not enough DL power for one cell (cell power saturation)
not enough UL/DL NodeB processing capacity for one site (channel
element saturation)
not enough DL channelization codes (code saturation)
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4.3 UMTS traffic simulations
Limitation of traffic simulation
Limitation:
a simulation is only based on one user distribution
another simulation based on the same traffic map but on a different user
distribution can give different results for DL/UL service availabilities
Solution:
to average the results of several simulations (statistical effect) to be
closer to the reality
Other interest of traffic simulation
Some traffic simulation ouputs (that are DL (power) and UL load factors
per cell) can be used as inputs for CPICH Ec/Io and DL/UL service
coverage predictions (see 4.4).
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4. Initial Radio Network Design
4.4 Coverage Predictions for CPICH Ec/Io and DL/UL services
Objective:
to be able to check that the coverage probabilities
for UL/DL services are in line with the networks
requirements by performing coverage predictions
with an RNP tool
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4.4. Coverage Predictions for CPICH Ec/Io and DL/UL services (based on traffic simulations)
Why do we need coverage predictions?
What is the coverage probability
at this pixel for:
-CPICH Ec/Io?
-UL service coverage?
-DL service coverage?
What is the probability for a user to get UL/DL services at a given point of the
planning area?
Problem: traffic simulations can be used, but it is necessary to average an
enormous number of traffic simulations (see4.3) to get the answer for each
service at each pixelunrealistic calculation time
Solution: Coverage Predictions can be performed
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4.4. Coverage Predictions for CPICH Ec/Io and DL/UL services (based on traffic simulations)
Different types of coverage predictions
CPICH RSCP prediction plot (see 4.2)
CPICH Ec/Io prediction plot
Only the pilot quality from best server is considered (no soft handover)
Standard deviation: 3dB
no UL/DL service coverage if CPICH Ec/Io < (CPICH Ec/Io)
minimum
UL Coverage area prediction plots for each service
soft/softer handover possible
Standard deviation: same as clutter map values
Uplink service area is limited by maximum terminal power.
DL Coverage area prediction plots for each service
soft/softer handover possible
Standard deviation: 3dB
Downlink service area is limited by maximum allowable traffic channel
power
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4.4. Coverage Predictions for CPICH Ec/Io and DL/UL services (based on traffic simulations)
How to perform a coverage prediction?(1)
Step 1: enter the Coverage Prediction inputs
Traffic simulation inputs
typical
value
Comment
Coverage Predictions parameters (only used for predictions)
Calculation Radius (per cell) 4 km same as for CPICH RSCP prediction (see 4.2)
Probe
UE
Service parameters
see 2.2
The probe UE characterizes the
service/terminal/multi- path environment for which
the Coverage Prediction is performed, e.g.
PS64/PDA/Vehicular 3km/h
Note: in case of CPICH/Io prediction, no service
parameters are entered.
Multipath environment
Terminal parameters and
indoor margin
UL load factor(per cell) 50%
used to simulate UL/DL interference level
Fixed load approach: same values for all cells
Traffic emulation approach: specific values for each
cell (see 4.5)
DL(power) load factor(per cell) 50%
(ratio value)
minimum
-15dB (typically) for CPICH Ec/Io ratio (see 2.4)
(Eb/No)
req
values for UL/DL (Eb/No) ratios (see 2.2)
Stand. deviation o (per clutter)
3dB for CPICH Ec/Io and DL (Eb/No) ratios,
clutter map values for UL (Eb/No) ratio (typically 7-8dB)
Orthogonality factor (per clutter)
0.6 0.6 for Vehicular A ; 0.94 for Pedestrian A
Propagation model parameters(see 3.2) + Network design parameters(see 4.1)
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4.4. Coverage Predictions for CPICH Ec/Io and DL/UL services (based on traffic simulations)
How to perform a coverage prediction?(2)
Step 2: calculation of the ratio values (e.g. CPICH Ec/Io values) at each pixel
A probe UE (causing no interference) is scanning each pixel of the
planning area.
Pathloss calculations are performed for this probe UE to get the ratio
values:
e.g. CPICH Ec/Io values per pixel or UL PS64 (Eb/No) values per pixel
Probe UE scanning each pixel of
the calculation areas
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4.4. Coverage Predictions for CPICH Ec/Io and DL/UL services (based on traffic simulations)
How to perform a coverage prediction?(3)
Step 3: calculation of the reliability level for each ratio value (calculated in
Step2) in order to consider the shadowing effect.
(at each pixel)
Ratio value - (ratio value)
minimum
=Reliability Margin
with (ratio value)
minimum
=fixed value
Reliability Margin = f(Reliability Level, Standard deviation o)
o is given by the prediction inputs (see Step 1)
we can deduce a reliability level (per pixel) for the ratio value
Example:
what is the reliability level for the following pixels(use the curve in 3.3):
CPICH Ec/Io value = -12 dB?
UL (Eb/No) value= 4dB (for PS64, Vehicular 50km/h)?
A n s w e r :
C P I C H E c / I o ( C P I C H E c / I o )
m i n i m u m
= - 1 5 d B R e l i a b i l i t y M a r g i n = 3 d B k = 1 ( o = 3 d B ) R e l i a b i l i t y l e v e l = 8 4 %
U L ( E b / N o ) ( E b / ( N o )
r e q
= 3 . 2 d B R e l i a b i l i t y M a r g i n = 0 . 8 d B k = 0 . 1 ( o = 8 d B ) R e l i a b i l i t y l e v e l ~ 5 0 %
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4.4. Coverage Predictions for CPICH Ec/Io and DL/UL services (based on traffic simulations)
How to interpret a coverage prediction?
From the radio network requirements (see 2.4), it is known:
(ratio value)
minimum
required Area Coverage Probability (for a given ratio)
Area Coverage Probability (for a given ratio):
it is the average of all Reliability Levels per pixel (calculated in Step3)
over the Planning Area
it can be calculated by a tool and has to be compared with the
required Area Coverage Probability
Reliability level=80%
Reliability level=98%
Reliability level=95%
Area coverage probability>required value?
if yes, network design is OK
else network design has to be improved
Reliability level=50%
Reliability level=99%
Reliability level=98%
Reliability level=95%
Reliability level=70%
Reliability level=98%
Planning Area
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4. Initial Radio Network Design
4.5 Traffic emulation approach or fixed load
approach?
Objective:
to be able to describe the different
approaches which lead to an acceptance
test
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4.5 Traffic emulation approach or fixed load approach?
Traffic emulation approach(1)
Traffic map (2.2)
Traffic simulations (4.3)
Predictions (4.4)
in line
with RNP
requirements?
Result1
Change
Network
Design
Parameter(s)
Field traffic
emulation
Field
measurements
Result2
Acceptance Test
Result1=Result2?
yes
no
Fixed DL(power)/UL load
factors per cell
RNP tool Field
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4.5 Traffic emulation approach or fixed load approach?
Traffic emulation approach(2)
Advantages:
accurate (but the accuracy depends on the accuracy of traffic map)
Disadvantages:
complex:
traffic forecast and traffic map for the coming years must be
provided by the operator
traffic simulations must be performed with RNP tool and if any
parameter is changed, it is necessary to recalculate traffic
simulations before recalculating coverage predictions
no acceptance test possible, because it is not realistic to emulate the
traffic map in the field.
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4.5 Traffic emulation approach or fixed load approach?
Fixed load approach(1)
Default DL(power)/UL load
factors values for each
cellFixed load
Predictions (4.4)
in line
with RNP
requirements?
Result1
Change
Network
Design
Parameter(s)
Field Fixed load
emulation
Field
measurements
Result2
Acceptance Test
Result1=Result2?
yes
no
RNP tool Field
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4.5 Traffic emulation approach or fixed load approach?
Fixed load approach(2)
Advantages:
simple: no need of traffic map and traffic simulations
acceptance test can be realized, because fixed load can be emulated
and measured in the field (at least in DL, see further)
Disadvantages:
inaccurate (no traffic map considered)
all planning efforts targeting to optimize the network by reducing traffic
per cell can not be modeled by this approach (Fixed Load Trap effect):
adding cells/sites
real effect: big enhancement of the total network capacity
modeled effect: little enhancement of the network capacity
indeed, as the same load is mandatory for all cells (fixed load), the new
cell/site will add (artificial) load and therefore bring a lot of (artificial)
interference and only very little new capacity
downtilting antenna for one cell
real effect: cell load decrease (because it makes the cell area
smaller)
modeled effect: no cell load decrease (due to fixed load)
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4.5 Traffic emulation approach or fixed load approach?
Fixed load approach(3)
How to emulate DL fixed load in the field?
DL load can be emulated with
the OCNS (Orthogonal Code
Noise Simulator) feature of the
Alcatel NodeB:
It generates artificial
interference in downlink
It is used to emulate
downlink load and perform
tests with a reduced
number of UEs
Typical default value: 50% for
DL (power) load factor
Node
B
Common channels
OCNS channels
Dedicated channels
Available power TX DL Maximum
UE Trace power TX OCNS
load DL
power DL
TX
+
=
_ _
(%) _
Virtual
mobiles
(due to OCNS)
Trace
mobile
Real
traffic
Simulated
traffic
Maximum
output power
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4.5 Traffic emulation approach or fixed load approach?
Fixed load approach(4)
UE
Att
Tx
Rx Tx
Rx
Rx Tx
How to emulate UL fixed load in the field?
UL load could be emulated by generating artificial interference at the
NodeB receiver (a kind of UL OCNS feature): such a feature is not
provided by Alcatel NodeB.
Workaround:
UL load can be emulated at the MS side by placing
an Attenuator (Att) in the MS transmit path
Typical default value: 50% for UL load factor (ie 3dB
Noise Rise, ie 3dB Attenuation)
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4.5 Traffic emulation approach or fixed load approach?
A medium approach(1)
Traffic map (2.2)
Traffic simulations (4.3)
Predictions (4.4)
in line
with RNP
requirements?
Result1
Change
Network
Design
Parameter(s)
Field fixed
load
emulation
Field
measurements
Result2
Acceptance Test
Result1=Result2?
yes
no
Fixed DL(power)/UL load
factors per cell
RNP tool Field
Default UL load factor
values for each
cellFixed load
DL(power) load
factor per cell
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4.5 Traffic emulation approach or fixed load approach?
A medium approach(2)
Alcatel strategy is to use the fixed load approach as it is measurable on the
field and less ambiguous if commitments have to be fulfilled.
Nevertheless, a medium approach can be considered to overcome the
disadvantages of the fixed load approach (see previous slide):
Advantages:
accurate (but the accuracy depends on the accuracy of traffic map)
acceptance test can be realized
Constraints:
traffic forecast and traffic map for the coming years must be
provided by the operator
traffic simulations must be performed with RNP tool
DL: the operator shall agree that the DL field traffic emulation is
realized from the traffic simulation outputs of the RNP tool
UL: default value for UL load factor must be taken for the whole
network (no UL OCNS feature)
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5. Basic Radio Network Parameter
Definition
UMTS Radio Network Planning Fundamentals
Duration:
1h00
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5. Basic Radio Network Parameter Definition
Session presentation
Objective:
to be able to define the basic radio network parameters
(neighborhood planning and code planning parameters)
Program:
5.1 Neighborhood planning
5.2 Scrambling code planning
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5. Basic Radio Network Parameter Definition
5.1 Neighborhood planning
Objective:
to be able to describe the criteria and methods used
to perform neighborhood planning.
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5.1 Neighborhood planning
Overview
The purpose of neighborhood planning is to define a neighbor set (or
monitored set) for each cell of the planning area
The neighbor set is broadcasted in each cell in the P-CCPCH and can
therefore be accessed by each UE
Each UE monitors the neighbor set to prepare a possible cell re-
selection or handover
The neighbor set may contain:
Intra-frequency neighbor list : cells on the same UMTS carrier
Inter-frequency neighbor list: cells on other UMTS carrier
Inter-system neighbor lists: for each neighboring PLMN a separate list is needed.
Note: it is NOT the aim of neighborhood planning to define a ranking of the cells inside
the neighbor set. This ranking is performed by the UE using UE measurements and
criteria defined by UTRAN radio algorithms.
The neighborhood planning plays a key role in UMTS. Indeed, as UMTS is
strongly interference limited, a wrong neighbors plan will bring interference
increase and therefore capacity decrease.
e.g. if a possible soft handover candidate is not selected, because it is not in the
neighbor list, it is fully working as Pilot Polluter
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5.1 Neighborhood planning
Criteria and methods
Criteria:
Lets consider one cell (called cell A). One or several of the following criteria
can be used to decide to take a candidate cell as neighbor of cell A :
the distance between cell A and the candidate cell is less than a given
maximum inter-site distance.
the overlap area between cell A and the candidate cell is more than a
given minimum value.
Note: overlap area between cell A and cell B = intersection between S
A
and S
B
, with
S
A
[km
2
]=area where
(CPICH RSCP)
cellA
and (CPICH Ec/Io)
cellA
better than given minimum values
(CPICH Ec/Io)
cell A
is the best
S
B
[km
2
]=area where
(CPICH RSCP)
cellB
better than given minimum value
(CPICH Ec/Io)
cell B
>(CPICH Ec/Io)
cell A
(a given margin)
the candidate cell is a co-site cell (=cell of the same NodeB).
cell A is neighbor of the candidate cell (neighbor symmetry).
Methods:
manually (not possible to consider the overlap area criterion)
with an RNP tool see example with A9155 tool on next slides
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5.1 Neighborhood planning
Automatic neighborhood allocation with A9155(1)
Neighborhood parameters Typical value Comment
Minimum CPICH RSCP -105 dBm
parameters used for overlap area
criterion
Minimum CPICH Ec/Io -18 dB
Ec/Io margin 8 dB
Reliability level 87%
Minimum covered area 2%
Maximum inter-site distance
between 8km
and 25km
8 km for dense urban and urban, 10 km
for sub-urban and around 25 km for
rural areas
Force co-site cells as
neighbors
Yes co-site cells=cells of the same NodeB
Force neighbor symmetry Yes
e.g. if cell A is neighbor of cell B, cell B
will be neighbor of cell A
Max number of neighbors 14
Step1: enter input parameters
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5.1 Neighborhood planning
Automatic neighborhood allocation with A9155(2)
Step2: for each cell, A9155 RNP tool calculates the neighbor list as follows
if Force co-site cells as neighbors=Yes, co-sites cells are taken first in
the neighbor list.
cells which fulfill the following criteria are taken in the neighbor list:
the maximum inter-site distance criterion
the overlap area criterion
Note: if the maximum number of neighbors in the list is exceeded, only
the cells with the largest overlap area are kept.
if Force neighbor symmetry=Yes, cells with a neighbor symmetry are
taken in the neighbor list, under the condition that the maximum number
of neighbors has not already been exceeded.
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5. Basic Radio Network Parameter Definition
5.2 Scrambling code planning
Objective:
to be able to describe the criteria and the methods
used to perform the scrambling code planning
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Scrambling code planning in UMTS FDD is similar to frequency planning in
GSM. However it is not such a key performance factor:
it concerns only DL scrambling code (channelization codes and UL
scrambling codes are automatically assigned by the RNC)
In contrast to frequency planning, it is not crucial which scrambling
codes are allocated to neighbors as long as they are not the same
code.
5.2 Scrambling code planning
Overview
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DL scrambling codes:
used to separate cells
restricted to 512 (primary) scrambling codes (easy planning)
Criteria:
the reuse distance between two cells using the same scrambling code
inside one frequency shall be higher than 4 x inter-site distance
(preferable) the same scrambling code should not be used in two cells
of the same sector
Methods
manually
with a RNP tool (see see example with A9155 tool on next slide)
5.2 Scrambling code planning
DL scrambling code planning (1)
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Method with a RNP tool:
Note: Neighborhood planning (see 5.1) must be performed before performing scrambling code
planning, because neighborhood relationships are used in the following method.
1. define the set of allowed codes for each cell (there can be some restrictions for
cells at country borders)
2. (optional) define the set of allowed codes per domain (one domain per
frequency)
3. define the minimum reuse distance
4. define forbidden pairs (for known problems between two cells)
5. run automatic code allocation and check consistency
A9155 assigns different primary scrambling codes to a given cell i and to its neighbors.
For a cell j which is not neighbor of the cell i, A9155 gives it a different code:
If the distance between both cells is lower than the manually set minimum reuse
distance,
If the cell i / j pair is forbidden (known problems between cell i and cell j).
A9155 allocates scrambling codes starting with the most constrained cell and ending with the
lowest constrained one. The cell constraint level depends on its number of neighbors and
whether the cell is neighbor of other cells.
5.2 Scrambling code planning
DL scrambling code planning (2)
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5.2 Scrambling code planning
Definition of UL scrambling code pool for a RNC
UL scrambling codes:
used to separate UEs
more than one million of codes available (very easy planning)
2 different UEs mustnt have the same code (inside one frequency)
Criterion for definition of UL scrambling code pools: 2 RNC mustnt have the
same scrambling code in their pool
Method: each RNC is assigned manually a unique pool of codes (e.g. 4096
codes in R2)
Note: when a UE performs a connection establishment to UTRAN (RRC connection), the
Serving RNC will assigned dynamically an UL scrambling code out of its pool to the
UE. The code is released after RRC connection release.