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Common Pathogenic Bacterial Isolates Dr.T.V.Rao MD
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
1- Microscopy
2- Culture techniques
3- Biochemical reactions
4- Serological identification: 5- Molecular biology techniques 6- Bacteriophage typing
use biochemical tests, noting a particular microbe's ability to utilize or produce certain chemicals
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Biochemical Reaction
Use of substrates and sugars to identify pathogens: a- Sugar fermentation: Organisms ferment sugar with production of acid only Organisms ferment sugar with production of acid and gas Organisms do not ferment sugar
b- Production of indole: Depends on production of indole from amino acid tryptophan Indole is detected by addition of Kovacs reagent Appearance of red ring on the surface
e- H2S production: Depends on production H2S from protein or polypeptides Detection by using a strip of filter paper containing lead acetate
Fermentation of glucose with production of huge amount of acid Lowering pH is detected by methyl red indicator
d- Voges proskaurs reaction (VP): Production of acetyl methyl carbinol from glucose fermentation Acetyl methyl carbinol is detected by addition KOH Color of medium turns pink (positive)
e-
h- Coagulase test: Some bacteria produce coagulase enzyme Coagulase enzyme converts fibrinogen to fibrin (plasma clot) Detected by slide or test tube method i- Urease test: Some bacteria produce urease enzyme Urease enzyme hydrolyze urea with production of NH3
gas production
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Catalase test .
This test is used to identify organisms that produce the enzyme, catalase. This enzyme detoxifies hydrogen peroxide by breaking it down into water and oxygen gas.
The bubbles resulting from production of oxygen gas clearly indicate a MD catalase Dr.T.V.Rao 9
Catalase test
'Ten vol.' H2O2, is
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run into a capillary tube, followed by suspension. Gas is usually evolved immediately and only tubes not showing gas within 10 sec. Are Dr.T.V.Rao MD sealed for longer
OXIDASE TEST
The Oxidase test (also known
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Oxidase test
The oxidase test is a
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test used in microbiology to determine if a bacterium produces certain cytochrome c oxidases. It uses disks impregnated with a reagent such as N,N,N,N-tetramethyl-pphenylenediamine (TMPD) or N,NDimethyl-pphenylenediamine (DMPD), which is also a redox indicator.
solution, drain and freeze dry. Strips should be stored in an air-tight bottle and kept in a cool dark environment. Strips prepared in this manner will keep for several months, and have a faint pastel-violet color. To use, take a strip and soak in distilled water. Pick the colony to be tested with a loop and rub onto moistened strip. A color change within 10 seconds indicates a positive reaction.
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enzymatic capability to degrade amino acids (cysteine, cystine etc.) that contain sulfhydryl group (-SH) producing hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide reacts with heavy metals such as lead or iron forming a black precipitate. You can use TSI medium (contains iron) or prepare a nutritive agar with lead acetate (1g Pb acetate Dr.T.V.Rao MD to 100 ml nutritive agar).
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isolated colony and inoculate a TSI tube by stabbing the medium. Incubate at 37 C, 24 hours. Reaction is positive if a black color appears. Bacteria growing in TSI degrade amino acids forming ferrous sulfide which blackens the medium
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medium. It is used to determine if an organism is capable of reducing nitrate (NO3-) to nitrite (NO2-) or other nitrogenous compounds via the action of the enzyme nitratase (also called nitrate reductase). This test is important in the identification of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative species. Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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tubes are first inspected for the presence of gas in the Durham tube. In the case of non fermenters, this is indicative of reduction of nitrate to nitrogen gas. However, in many cases gas is produced by fermentation and further testing is necessary to determine if reduction of nitrate has occurred. Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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nitrate to nitrite was detected with dimethyl-anaphthylamin (Wallace & Neave, 1927) and sulphanilic acid. The reaction was rapid with all the species tested; at 30 min. the results were consistent with the usual cultural
I M Vi C Tests
I M Vi C
is an acronym that stands for indole , methyl red, Voges-Proskauer , and citrate . To obtain the results of these four tests, three test tubes are inoculated: tryptone broth (indole test), methyl red - Voges Proskauer broth (MR-VP broth), and citrate test.
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Indole Test
How to Perform Test: Inoculate Tryptone broth with inoculating loop. Property it tests for: This test is performed to help differentiate species of the family Enterobacteriaceae. It tests for the bacteria species ability to produce indole. Bacteria use an enzyme, tryptophanase to break down the amino acid, tryptophan, which makes by-products, of which, indole is one.
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Media and Reagents Used: Tryptone broth contains tryptophan. Kovacs reagentcontains hydrochloric acid, dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, and Dr.T.V.Rao amylMD alcoholyellow in color.
broth, a rich source of the amino acid tryptophan. Indole positive bacteria such as Escherichia coli produce tryptophanase, an enzyme that cleaves tryptophan, producing indole and other products. When Kovac's reagent (p-dimethylamino benzaldehyde) is added to a broth with indole in it, a dark pink colour develops. The indole test must be read by 48 hours of incubation because the indole can be further degraded if prolonged incubation occurs. The acidic pH produced by Escherichia coli limits its growth.
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Indole Test
Indole is a product of
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the breakdown of another amino acid, tryptophan by the enzyme TRYPTOPHANASE. To test for indole Kovacs reagent is added to the SIM medium following growth. If indole is present a red ring forms around the Dr.T.V.Rao MD surface of the
Kovacs
(+) Indole test on left --- (-) Indole test on right
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(VP) tests are read from a single inoculated tube of MR-VP broth. After 24-48 hours of incubation the MR-VP broth is split into two tubes. One tube is used for the MR test; the other is used for the VP test. MR-VP media contains glucose and peptone. All enterics oxidize glucose for energy; however the end products vary depending on bacterial enzymes. Both the MR and VP tests are used to determine what end products result when the test organism degrades Dr.T.V.Rao MD glucose.
MR/VP continued
Reading Results: MR a + result is red (indicating pH below 6) and a
result is yellow (indicating no acid production) VPA + result is red after VP reagents are added (indicating the presence of acetoin) and a result is no color change.
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Methyl Red
This test is used to
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determine which fermentation pathway is used to utilize glucose. In the mixed acid fermentation pathway, glucose is fermented and produces several organic acids (lactic, acetic, succinic, and formic acids). The stable production of enough acid to overcome the phosphate buffer will result in a pH of below 4.4. If the pH indicator (methyl red) is added to an aliquot of the culture broth and the pH is Dr.T.V.Rao MD below 4.4, a red color will
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(methyl red) is added to an aliquot of the culture broth and the pH is below 4.4, a red color will appear (first picture, tube on the left). If the MR turns yellow, the pH is above 6.0 and the mixed acid fermentation pathway has not been utilized (first picture, tube on the right).
reduction
Standardized
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methylene blue in concentrations of 0.1 and 0.01 yo are mixed,with suspension and sealed.
the VP test are Barritt's A (alpha-napthol) and Barritt's B (potassium hydroxide). When these reagents are added to a broth in which acetyl methyl carbinol is present, they turn a pink-burgundy colour (a positive VP test). This colour may take 20 to 30 minutes to develop. E. coli does not produce acetyl methyl carbinol, but Enterobacter and Klebsiella do.
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Citrate Test
How to Perform Test: Inoculate slant with inoculating loop. Property it tests for: This test is used to help differentiate species of the family Enterobacteriaceae. It is selective for bacteria that has the ability to consume citrate as its sole source of carbon and ammonium as sole nitrogen source. Media and Reagents Used: Simmons Citrate Agar contains sodium citrate (carbon source), ammonium ion (nitrogen source), & pH indicator bromthymol blue. Reading Results:
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Simmon's citrate agar has a pH of 6.9, so it is an intermediate green color. Growth of bacteria in the media leads to development of a Prussian blue color (positive citrate). Enterobacter and Klebsiella are citrate positive while E.coli is negative.
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Citrate Test
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Urea Hydrolysis
How to Perform Test: Inoculate Urea broth with inoculating loop.
Property it tests for: This test is done to determine a bacterias ability to hydrolyze urea to make ammonia using the enzyme urease.
Media and Reagents Used: Urea broth contains a yeast extract, monopotassium phosphate, disodium phosphate, urea, and phenol red indicator.
Reading Results: Urea broth is a yelloworange color. The enzyme urease will be used to hydrolyze urea to make ammonia. If ammonia is made, the broth turns a bright pink color, and is positive. If test is negative, broth has no color Dr.T.V.Rao MD ammonia is made. 37change and no
Urease test
This test is used to
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identify bacteria capable of hydrolyzing urea using the enzyme urease. It is commonly used to distinguish the genus Proteus from other enteric bacteria. The hydrolysis of urea forms the weak base, ammonia, as one of its products. This weak base raises the pH of the media above 8.4
Urease Test
Urea is broken down by
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the enzyme UREASE into carbon dioxide and ammonia. Ammonia turns the medium alkaline; that is it raises the pH to above 7.0. In this test the bacteria are inoculated into urea broth which contains the pH indicator (phenol red) which changes from yellow to red/pink as the pH increases (Atlas pg. 79). After 24 to 48 hours of incubation the tubes are observed for a color
Urease test
This test is used to
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identify bacteria capable of hydrolyzing urea using the enzyme urease. It is commonly used to distinguish the genus Proteus from other enteric bacteria. The hydrolysis of urea forms the weak base, ammonia, as one of its products. This weak base raises the pH of the media above 8.4
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medium. It tests an organism's ability to ferment the sugar glucose as well as its ability to convert the end product of glycolysis, pyruvic acid into gaseous byproducts. This is a test commonly used when trying to identify Gram-negative enteric bacteria, all of which are glucose fermenters but Dr.T.V.Rao MD only some of which
Carbohydrate Fermentation tubes Left is (+) -- Middle indicates (+) with gas -- Right is a (-) test
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Tube 1: Negative acid /Negative gas Tube 2A: Must incubate longer (ambiguous result) Tube 2B: Positive acid /Negative gas Dr.T.V.Rao MD 44 Tube 3A: Positive acid/ Positive gas
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Sucrose Fermentation
How to Perform Test: Inoculate sucrose broth with inoculating loop.
Property it tests for: This test is done to help differentiate species of the family Enterobacteriaceae. This tests for the bacterias ability to ferment sucrose and production of acid endproduct Media and Reagents Used: Sucrose broth contains beef extract, gelatin peptone, and sucrose. Phenol red indicator is added to indicate an acid end-product. Results A positive result is yellow after indicator is added (indicating sucrose fermentation) A negative result has no color change or is reddish. Dr.T.V.Rao MD
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Lactose Fermentation
How to Perform Test: Inoculate lactose broth with inoculating loop. Property it tests for: This tests for the bacterias ability to ferment lactose. Media and Reagents Used: Lactose broth contains beef extract, gelatin peptone, and lactose. A phenol red indicator is added to indicate acid production from fermentation. Results A positive result is yellow after indicator is added (indicating lactose fermentation) A negative result will have no color change or will be redish. Dr.T.V.Rao MD 47
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Motility Testing
Motility agar is a
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differential medium used to determine whether an organism is equipped with flagella and thus capable of swimming away from a stab mark. The results of motility agar are often difficult to interpret. Generally, if the entire tube is turbid, this indicates that the bacteria have moved away from the stab mark (are motile). The organisms in the two tubes pictured on the
Coagulase Test
How to Perform Test: Inoculate rabbit
plasma with one single colony. Break up colony and stir until blended in plasma. Incubate at 37 degrees C for 24 hours. Property it tests for: This tests for the
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bacterias ability to clot blood plasma using the enzyme coagulase. If the organism has coagulase it will clump rabbit plasma.
Coagulase test
Coagulase is an enzyme
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that clots blood plasma by catalyzing the conversion of a soluble protein (fibrinogen) to an insoluble protein (fibrin). This test is performed on Gram-positive, catalase positive species to identify the coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus. Coagulase is a virulence factor of S. aureus. The formation of clot around an infection caused by this bacteria likely protects it from phagocytosis.
Coagulase Results
Reading Results:
If the organism is has coagulase it will clump the
plasma. If the organism does not have coagulase it will not clump the plasma.
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sugars in the medium will produce byproducts These byproducts are usually acids, which will change the color of the red pH-sensitive dye (phenol red) to a yellow color. Position of the color change distinguishes the acid production associated with glucose fermentation from the acidic byproducts of lactose or sucrose fermentation. Dr.T.V.Rao MD Many bacteria that can ferment sugars
TSI slant
The TSI slant is a
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test tube that contains agar, a pH-sensitive dye (phenol red), 1% lactose, 1% sucrose, 0.1% glucose, as well as sodium thiosulfate and Dr.T.V.Rao MD ferrous sulfate or
TSI - Reactions
Some bacteria utilize thiosulfate anion
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as a terminal electron acceptor, reducing it to sulfide. If this occurs, the newlyformed hydrogen sulfide (H2S) reacts with ferrous sulfate in the medium to form ferrous sulfide, which is visible as a black precipitate. Examples of sulfideproducing bacteria include Salmonella, Proteus, Citrobacter and Edwardsiella species. The blackening of the medium Dr.T.V.Rao MD is almost always observed in the butt
TSI - Reactions
All lactose
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fermenters result in yellow slant/yellow butt (acid/acid reaction), whereas non-lactose fermenters may result in pink/yellow or yellow/yellow (if sucrose is fermented). Dr.T.V.Rao MD Blackening of the
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test is to determine an organism's ability to produce proteolyticlike enzymes and liquefy gelatin. This test is used to differentiate between species in the genera Staphylococcus and Clostridium as well as aid in the identification of other Dr.T.V.Rao MD species and genra.
enter a bacterial cell wall and thus extracellular enzymes must catabolize them into smaller components before they can be utilized. Possession of these extracellular gelatinases can aid in the differentiation of bacteria
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CAMP Test
CAMP factor is a
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diffusible, heat-stable protein produced by group B streptococci. This is a synergistic test between Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae. S. agalactiae produces CAMP factor. S. aureus produces sphingomyelin C, which Dr.T.V.Rao MD binds to red blood cell