Dr. dr. H. Busjra M.

Nur, MSc FKK UMJ

Hormones
Hormones are chemical signals that are

used for communication between cells. Chemically, hormones are rather diverse group of substances. They are derived from metabolism of amino acids, polypeptide or cholesterol (steroid).

Hormones
Binding of a hormone to its receptor and

activation of that receptor is the initial in producing a hormone effect. Some hormones act via second mesengers to alter activity of reexisting proteins in target cells. Other hormones act by altering gene expression in target cells to change the amount of a few key proteins.

Targets
Each hormone binds to a specific

tissue / organ target tissue / organ

Hormone Receptors
Membrane receptors Intra cellular receptors second

messenger

The general mechanism of action of hormones with membrane receptor

Illustration of coupling of membrane receptors to adenylate cyclase by the Gs and Gi proteins.

Mechanism of action of hormones with intracellular receptors, effects on gene expression, cell function might be altered.

Mechanism of action of aldosterone to increase sodium transport across kidney tubule cells

Basic mechanisms of neural (a), endocrine (b) and neuroendocrine (c)

Controle of Hormone Secretion

Negative Feedback Biorhythms

By Central Nervous System

Endocrine glands
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland Pineal gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid glands

Thymus gland
Adrenal glands Pancreas Testes (male) Ovaries (female)
Others

The Pituitary Hormones

The pituitary consist of two main lobes (anterior and

posterior) The hypothalamus serves to regulate secretion from both lobes The anterior pituitary secretes six different hormone into the general circulation

The Pituitary Hormones

The posterior pituitary is a neuroendocrine gland; it

secretes two hormones and contains the terminals of neuroendocrine cells, in the hypothalamus GH, affects skeletal growth, protein and carbohydrates metabolism TSH, regulates thyroid hormone production. Thyroid hormone regulate metabolism in most tissues in the body

Neural and vascular connections between the hypothalamus and the anterior and posterior lobes of pituitary.

Growth Hormone (GH)

= somatotropin
= somatotropic hormone (STH) Growth of skeletal muscle and long

bone Metabolic effect (protein, fats, glucose)

Growth Hormone
Hypersecretes - gigantism

-- acromegaly
Defisiency (childhood) pituitary dwarfism

Normal hand and acromegaly

Prolactin (PRL)
= lactogenic hormone
Promotes milk production in woman

The Thyroid Gland

Secretes /day

- T4 (thyroxine): 80 g - T3 (triiodothyronine) 4 g

Iodine Deficency
T3-T4 production T3-T4 plasma level TSH secretion thyroid gland

stimulation goiter

Thyroxine Defisiency
Infant : Cretinism

fail to develop both physically and mentally

Adult : hypothyroidsm myxedema

metabolic state , low energy, low body temperature, heart rate , constipation

The Adrenal Glands

Consist of cortex and medulla
Adrenal cortex produce steroid hormones,

predominantly cortisol and aldosterone. Cortisol metabolism release of stored fuels. Aldosterone kidneys sodium and potassium balance in the body.

The Adrenal Glands

The adrenal medulla as part of the sympathetic nervous system epinephrine.
Epinephrine cardiovascular,

pulmonary systems a variety of metabolic processes The net effect of cortisol and epinephrine increase the bodys ability to effectively respond to stress.

The Endocrine Pancreas

Produces insulin and glucagon, major roles in regulating fuel homeostasis in both the fed and fasted states Insulin is secreted primarily in response to an increased blood glucose level. Glucagon is secreted in response to a decreased v\blood glucose level. Insulin directs the storage of excess nutrients in the form of glycogen, triacylglycerols, and protein. The major tissue targets of insulin are liver, muscle and adipose tissue.

The Endocrine Pancreas

Glucagon directs the movement of stored nutrients into the blood stream. Liver is the primary physiological target of glucagon. In the fed stated, the actions of insulin predominate in tissues, and nutrients are stored. In the fasted state, the actions of glucagon predominate, and stored nutrients are mobilized. Diabetes mellitus occurs when there is a deficiency in insulin action as a result of either an impairment in insulin secretion or an impairment in its target tissues.

Pineal gland and Circadian rhythms

Secretes hormone melatonin
Melatonin keep the bodys inherent circadian rhythms

in synchrony with the light-dark cycle.

Melatonin
Circadian timekeeping
Induce natural sleep Antioxidant Slow aging process Enhance immunity

Hormone : Amino acid

Thyroxine Epinephrine Melatonin

Hormone: Polypeptides
TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone) ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

GH (growth hormone) FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)

Hormone: Steroids
Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids

Androgens
Estrogens

Progestins

References
Herlihy,B and Maebius NK. The Human Body in

Health and Illness Ganong WF. Review of medical physiology. 22th ed. Rhoades R, Pflanzer R. Human Physiology. 4th ed. Sherwood L. Human Physiology, from cells to system. 5 th ed.