Protection Presentation

EXTERNAL FAULT
BB
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
INTERNAL FAULT
IF
BB
i1 i2 i3 i4
∑ i = if
EXTERNAL FAULT
LV HV
I1/_0º I2/_0º
Current difference is not equal to zero but it

less than the setting value – due to CT
.class error
|I1/_0º – I2 /_0º | =0
INTERNAL FAULT
I1/_0º
I2 /__180º
|I1/_0º – I2 /_180º | = |I1 +I2|
Operating conditions of transformer
Diff relay
Diff relay
A) Through-fault current under healthy
conditions or on an external fault:
• I2 reverses its direction (I2 = –I1) .
• Both currents are equal in magnitude |I2| = |I1|.
• IDiff = |I1 + I2| = |I1 – I1| = 0 .
• IRest = |I1| + |I2| = |I1| + |I1| = 2·|I1| .
• No tripping effect (IDiff = 0); restraint current
(IRest) corresponds to twice the through flowing
current.
Diff relay
B) Internal fault, fed from each end (with
equal currents ):
• In this case, I2 = I1 in direction .
• In magnitude |I2| = |I1| .
• IDiff = |I1 + I2| = |I1 + I1| = 2·|I1| .
• IRest = |I1| + |I2| = |I1| + |I1| = 2·|I1| .
• Tripping effect (IDiff) and restraining (IRest)
quantities are equal and correspond to the
total fault current.
Diff relay
C) Internal fault, fed from one end only:
• In this case, I2 = 0
• IDiff = |I1 + I2| = |I1 + 0| = |I1|
• IRest = |I1| + |I2| = |I1| + 0 = |I1|
• Tripping effect (IDiff) and restraining
(IRest) quantities are equal and
correspond to the fault current fed from
one side.
Metro cell REF REF
R R
stabilizing
At Turn to turn occur , diff relay cannot operate due to low current . REF relay will operate by
voltage according to the setting
EXTERNAL FAULT
I2/_0º
I1/_0º
Current difference is not equal to zero but it

less than the setting value – due to CT
.class error
|I1/_0º – I2 /_0º | =0
INTERNAL FAULT
I1/_0º I2 /__180º
|I1/_0º – I2 /_180º | = |I1 +I2|
Problems in Diffrential Protection
Saturate any one of the CT’s during fault- 1
For transformer , current from both CTs may not equal- 2

. due to changing tap changing position
For cables , current from both CT’s may not equal due- 3
. to capacitive current
Mal - operation of the relay
THE SOLUSION
Biased Differential Protection
Idiff I restrain = I stabilizing
SEESAW
I diff I restrain = I stabilizing
SEESAW
s s
I2 I1
= I1| + |I2 | |IRESTRAIN
s s
I2 I1
= I1| + |I2 | |IRESTRAIN
I RESTRAIN is the algebraic sum of I1 and I2 . The current passing through
restrain coil is DC . It is converted from AC to DC through bridge rectifier
T = 2 sec
T = 1.5 sec
A B C
T = 1 sec
T = 0.5 sec Z5
T = 0 sec Z4
%Z2 120 Z3 200%
Z1 85%
21
Relay will not

respond
T = 2 sec
T = 1.5 sec
A B C
T = 0.5 sec
T = 1 sec
Z5
T = 0 sec Z4
%Z2 120 Z3 200%
Z1 85%
21
)Permissive under – reach zone 1 extension ( PUR Z1X
A B C
SEND
Z1X
Z1 85%
Z1 85% %Z2 120
21 Both relays will 21

not respond
Z2 = Z1X
Both breakers will trip instantaneously with no effect of
SEND
:Summary : The distance relay will signal
operate at Z1 time if
. Fault occur at Z1- 1
Fault occur out of Z1 and inside Z1X (DISTANCE PICK UP) + Receive SEND- 2
.signal from remote end distance relay
DISADVANTAGE 1
It is used with over head lines (OHL) for more than 20 km , and it is not
advisable to be used in short distances of over head lines (less than 20
km )
S/S A S/S B
ARCING
RESISTANCE
A B C
Z1X
Z1 85%
21 21
Arcing resistance is added to line impedance when fault is in the middle

of the line which cause increase in line impedance . So then both relays
.will see the fault as Z2 and give delay tripping
DISADVANTAGE 2
A B C
NO SEND
Z1X
Z1 85% %Z2 120
21 T = 0.5 sec 21
)Permissive under reach Transfer trip ( PUTT
A B C
SEND
Z1 85%
Z1 85% %Z2 120

not respond
Both breakers will trip instantaneously with no effect of

SEND
Fault occur out of Z1 (DISTANCE PICK UP) + Receive SEND signal from- 2
.remote end distance relay
)Permissive over reach Transfer trip ( POTT
A B C
SEND
ZOR
Z1 85%
Z1 85% %Z2 120

not respond and
relay A will trip at
Z2 will trip instantaneously with no effect of
Both breakers
SEND
Fault occur out of Z1 and inside ZOR (DISTANCE PICK UP) + Receive SEND- 2
.signal from remote end distance relay
ECHO FEATURE
A B C
ECHO
SEND
ZOR
Z1 85% %Z2 120
21 21
Z2 = ZOR
WEEK INFEED FEATURE
KV 110 KV
KV
KV
KV110
80
90
77
A B C
SEND
ZOR
Z1 85% %Z2 120
G
21 21
WEEK INFEED UNIT

Z2 = ZOR OPERATED
Pelec
Generator Out of Step
due to prolong of fault
without WEEK END
FEED function
Pmech
δ
Blocking Over Reach
A Blocking B C
Signal
ZOR
Z1 85%
Z1 85% %Z2 120
21 21 21
Z2
Z1 = ZOR Z1 = ZOR
NO EVOLVING )Auto Reclosure (AR
FAULT OCCURE
A B
Z1 85%
+
Action Dead Reclaim
+ Time Time Time
+ +
+ +
AR
Dist
AR CB Reclosing
trip AR Reclaim
cycleTRIP command
STARTING
TC CC starting time
expired
_ _
EVOLVING )Auto Reclosure (AR
FAULT OCCURE A B
Z1 85%
+
Action Dead Reclaim
+ Time Time Time
+ +
+ +
AR
Dist
AR CB Reclosing
trip AR
cycleTRIP command
STARTING
TC CC starting
_ _

Protection Presentation

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EXTERNAL FAULT

Current difference is not equal to zero but it

|I1/_0º – I2 /_180º | = |I1 +I2|

Current difference is not equal to zero but it

|I1/_0º – I2 /_180º | = |I1 +I2|

Saturate any one of the CT’s during fault- 1

For transformer , current from both CTs may not equal- 2

Mal - operation of the relay

Biased Differential Protection

Idiff I restrain = I stabilizing

= I1| + |I2 | |IRESTRAIN

= I1| + |I2 | |IRESTRAIN

Relay will not

21 Both relays will 21

Arcing resistance is added to line impedance when fault is in the middle

21 Both relays will 21

Both breakers will trip instantaneously with no effect of

21 Both relays will 21

WEEK INFEED UNIT

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