Confined Spaces

Rescuers Account for Over 60% of Confined Space Fatalities

Confined Space Tragedies

o Two workers died from asphyxiation

trying to shut off water flow to damaged pipe due to extremely low oxygen levels.
o Five farmers died trying to save one

another in a manure pit.

Purpose of Training

o Ensure that employees are familiar

with safety precautions and procedures associated with confined spaces

Frequency of Training
o Upon initial assignment o Change in assigned duties or a change

in permit space conditions o Inadequacies in the employee's knowledge or use of confined space entry procedures

Training Outline
Introduction General Requirements Equipment Requirements The Entry Permit Duties of Authorized Entrants, Attendants and Entry Supervisor o Rescue and Emergency Services o Contractors o Safe Entry Procedures
o o o o o

Introduction
o OSHA 29 CFR 1910.146: Permit-

Required Confined Spaces

o Ensure that employees can safely

enter into and work within permitrequired confined spaces

Definition
A Confined space: o Is large enough that an employee can enter and perform assigned work o Has limited or restricted means for entry or exit o Is not designed for continuous employee occupancy

Examples
Examples: o tanks o pits o tunnels o vaults o boilers o sewers o shafts o ventilation ducts o crawl spaces

Introduction
A permit-required confined space: o Contains or has the potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere o Contains a material that has the potential for engulfing an entrant o Internal configuration that might cause entrant to be trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls or floor that slopes downward and tapers to a smaller cross section o Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazard

Atmospheric Hazards
o Oxygen Levels - below 19.5 % or above 23.5% o Flammable/Explosive exceeds 10% of Lower Explosive Limit (LEL)
o Toxic Substances exceed Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL)

Engulfment
o Liquid or loose materials trap a

worker.
o Typically associated with loose

materials in bins, silos, and hoppers.

o Death can occur by asphyxiation,

aspiration, or constriction.

Introduction
o "Entry" is when a person

passes through an opening into a permit-required confined space o Any part of the entrant's body breaks the plane of an opening into the space

General Requirements
o Identify confined spaces and classify them

as permit or non-permit o A permit-required confined space may be reclassified o Identify and evaluate the hazards of the permit spaces before employees enter o Inform exposed employees of the existence and location of and the danger posed by the permit spaces

Confined Spaces Flow Chart

General Requirements
o Measures to prevent entry
o Develop and implement practices and

procedures necessary for safe entry o Provide and maintain all required equipment o Educate employees on safe entry procedures and equipment operation

Equipment Requirements
Testing and monitoring equipment Ventilating equipment Communications equipment Personal protective equipment Lighting equipment Barriers and shields Equipment needed for safe ingress and egress o Emergency equipment o Other equipment for safe entry
o o o o o o o

The Entry Permit

o Permit must be completed

before entry is authorized o Entry supervisor must sign the permit o Permit must be made available at the time of entry so entrants can confirm that pre-entry preparations have been completed

The Entry Permit

o Duration may not exceed the time

identified on the permit o Retain each canceled entry permit for at least 1 year to facilitate review of the program o Problems encountered during entry shall be noted on the permit so that appropriate revisions can be made to the program

Contents of The Entry Permit

1. Permit space to be entered 2. Purpose of the entry 3. Date and the authorized duration of the entry permit 4. Authorized entrants 5. Attendants 6. Entry supervisor with a space for the signature

Contents of The Entry Permit

7. Hazards of the permit space 8. Measures used to isolate the permit space and to eliminate or control permit space hazards before entry 9. Acceptable entry conditions 10. Results of initial and periodic tests, names or initials of the testers and when the tests were performed

Contents of The Entry Permit

11. Rescue and emergency services 12. Communication procedures 13. Equipment (personal protective equipment, testing equipment, communications equipment, alarm systems, rescue equipment, etc.) 14. Any other information necessary in order to ensure employee safety

Duties of Authorized Entrants

o Understand potential hazards o Use equipment properly

o Communicate with attendant regularly

o If the unexpected occurs alert the

attendant o Exit immediately if hazard develops

Duties of Authorized Entrants

Alert the attendant whenever: o Entrant recognizes any warning sign or symptom of exposure to a dangerous situation o The entrant detects a prohibited condition

Duties of Authorized Entrants

Evacuate the confined space when: o Order to evacuate is given by the attendant or the entry supervisor o Entrant recognizes any warning sign or symptom of exposure to a dangerous situation o Entrant detects a prohibited condition o Evacuation alarm is activated

Duties of Attendants
o "Attendant" - stationed outside permit space;

monitors entrants o Knows the hazards including signs, symptoms and consequences of exposure o Continuously maintains accurate count of entrants in permit space o Remains outside the permit space during entry until relieved by another attendant

Duties of Attendants
o Communicates with entrants to monitor

entrant status and to alert entrants of the need to evacuate o Monitors activities inside & outside the space to determine if - it is safe for entrants to - remain in the space

Duties of Attendants
Orders evacuation immediately if: o Detects a prohibited condition o Detects the behavioral effects of hazard exposure in entrant o Detects a situation outside the space that could endanger the entrants o If the attendant cannot effectively and safely perform all the duties

Duties of Attendants
o Summon emergency services
o Keep unauthorized persons away o Inform entrants and entry supervisor if

unauthorized persons have entered the permit space o Performs non-entry rescues when applicable and they have training o Performs no duties that might interfere with primary duty to monitor and protect entrants

Duties of Entry Supervisor

o "Entry supervisor" - person responsible for

determining if acceptable entry conditions are present, for authorizing entry, overseeing entry operations, and for terminating entry as required o An entry supervisor also may serve as an attendant or as an entrant, as long as that person is trained and equipped to do so

Duties of Entry Supervisor

o Knows the hazards including signs,

symptoms, and consequences of the exposure o Verifies that the entry permit is complete, all tests have been conducted and all procedures and equipment are in place before allowing entry to begin o Verifies that rescue services are available and that the means for summoning them are operable

Duties of Entry Supervisor

o Removes unauthorized individuals who

enter or attempt to enter the space o Ensures that acceptable entry conditions are maintained throughout the entry o Terminates entry and cancels the entry permit when the operations have been completed or a condition that is not allowed under the permit arises

Rescue and Emergency Services

o Self-Rescue o Non-entry Rescue

o Only trained workers

can enter space and only when there is another attendant o Call 911

Rescue and Emergency Services

o Responds in a timely manner
o Rescue provider must be proficient with

confined space rescue-related tasks and equipment o Inform rescue provider of the hazards they may encounter on site o Provide the rescue provider with access to all permit spaces so they can develop rescue plans and practice rescue operations

Rescue and Emergency Services

o Retrieval systems shall be used unless they increase

the overall risk of entry or would not contribute to the rescue o Each entrant shall use a full body harness and a retrieval line if feasible o The other end of the retrieval line shall be attached to a mechanical device or fixed point outside the permit space o A mechanical retrieval device shall be available for vertical type permit spaces more than 5 feet deep

Contractors
o Inform contractor that workplace contains

permit spaces and entry is allowed only in compliance with permit space program o Apprise contractor of the hazards that make the space a permit space o Apprise contractor of precautions for the protection of employees in or near permit spaces where contractor will be working

Contractors
o Coordinate with employer when

both host personnel and contractor personnel will be working in or near spaces o Debrief employer at the conclusion of entry o Contractor shall inform the employer of the permit program that they will follow and of any hazards confronted or created

Safe Entry Procedures

o Perform work outside of space if possible o Designate entrants, attendants, entry

supervisors and atmospheric monitors, identify the duties of each, and assure training has been provided o Notify all departments affected by entry o Post signs and put up barriers to protect entrants from traffic and pedestrians o Specify acceptable entry conditions

Safe Entry Procedures

o Ventilate, eliminate, or control

the spaces atmospheric hazards before entry into the space o Blind or disconnect and cap all input lines so that no hazardous materials can enter the space o Lockout/Tagout o When entrance covers are removed, guard the opening immediately

Safe Entry Procedures

o Test permit space before entry

begins o Monitor permit space to determine if entry conditions are maintained o Test for oxygen, combustible gases/vapors, and toxic gases/vapors in that order o Observe status of other existing hazards and those created during entry operations

Safe Entry Procedures

o Authorized entrants can enter a permit space

only after its been tested and found safe for entry o The entrant must know what equipment to use & how to use it o Provide at least one attendant outside the permit space for the duration of entry

Safe Entry Procedures

o Maintain acceptable

conditions for duration of entry o Implement rescue and emergency procedures if necessary o Implement procedures necessary for concluding the entry

Safe Entry Procedures

o Review entry operations when there is

reason to believe that measures taken may not protect employees and revise the program before subsequent entries o Review the permit space program within 1 year after each entry and revise the program as necessary to ensure that employees participating in entry operations are protected

QUESTIONS?

Quiz
1. T / F Rescuers account for over 60 % of confined space fatalities? True
2. T / F A confined space is an area large enough that employee may enter has a limited means of entry or exit? True

Quiz
3. Name at least 3 examples of a confined space. tanks o Pits, tunnels o Vaults, boilers o sewers , shafts o ventilation ducts,crawl spaces
4. T / F A permit required confined space is an area that contains or has the potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere? True

Quiz
5. Is an atmosphere containing less than 19.5%, and above 23.5% oxygen dangerous? Yes, below 19.5% O2 deficient above 23.6% exsplosive
6. T / F Entry into a confined space is when any part of the entrants body breaks the plane of the an opening into a confined space. True

Quiz
7. How can a space that is classified as a permit required confined space be reclassified? Remove hazards
8. If the hazard or hazardous atmosphere cannot be removed, what must be done before entering the space? Issue permit entry

Quiz
9. T / F The attendant may leave the space entrance go to the bathroom? False, Attendant can never leave unless replaced
10. Who is responsible for determining if acceptable conditions for entry are present? Entry Supervisor

Quiz
11. May the entry supervisor also serve as the attendant? Yes
12. What must an entrant to a permit required confined space wear? Appropriate PPE, lanyard system

Quiz
13. Can the attendant enter the confined space? No
14. Who may enter the confined space for rescue? certified personnel only