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Chapter 1
1.1
A distributed system organized as middleware. Note that the middleware layer extends over multiple machines.
Access
Location
Migration
Relocation Replication Concurrency Failure Persistence
Scalability Problems
Concept Example
Centralized services
Centralized data Centralized algorithms
1.4
1.5
Hardware Concepts
1.6
systems
Multiprocessors (1)
1.7
A bus-based multiprocessor.
Multiprocessors (2)
1.8
1-9
a) Grid b) Hypercube
Software Concepts
System
DOS
Description
Tightly-coupled operating system for multiprocessors and homogeneous multicomputers Loosely-coupled operating system for heterogeneous multicomputers (LAN and WAN)
Main Goal
Hide and manage hardware resources Offer local services to remote clients Provide distribution transparency
NOS
Middleware
An overview of DOS (Distributed Operating Systems) NOS (Network Operating Systems) Middleware
1.11
int count = 0;
int blocked_procs = 0; condition unblocked; public: int value () { return count;} void incr () { if (blocked_procs == 0) count = count + 1; else
signal (unblocked);
}
1.14
1.15
Yes
No No No
Not necessary
Not necessary Necessary Necessary
b)
c)
1.18
1-19
1-20
1.21
Positioning Middleware
1-22
1.23
In an open middleware-based distributed system, the protocols used by each middleware layer should be the same, as well as the interfaces they offer to applications.
Scalability
Openness
No
Closed
Moderately
Closed
Yes
Open
Varies
Open
A comparison between multiprocessor operating systems, multicomputer operating systems, network operating systems, and middleware based distributed systems.
A sample server.
1-27 b
Processing Level
1-28
The general organization of an Internet search engine into three different layers
1-29
1-30
Modern Architectures
1-31