FUNDAMENTALS OF INVISCID,

INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW
Bernoullis Equation
Inviscid flow, no body forces, momentum equation given by eq. (2.104a) becomes
x
p
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
t
u
x
p
Dt
Du
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=

.............(3.1)
For steady flow
dx
x
p
dx
z
u
w dx
y
u
v dx
x
u
u
dx
x
p
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c

1
by multiply
1
,
.............(3.2)
Consider the flow along a streamline in 3-D space.
The equation of streamline is given by eq. (2.108a to c)
0
0
=
=
udy vdx
wdx udz
.......(3.3)
.............(2.108b)
.............(2.108c)
dx
x
p
dz
z
u
dy
y
u
dx
x
u
u
dx
x
p
dz
z
u
u dy
y
u
u dx
x
u
u
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c

1
1
(3.3), eq. into ng substituti
.............(3.4)
.............(3.5)
du
( ) dx
x
p
u d
dx
x
p
udu
c
c
=
c
c
=

1
2
1
1
2
.............(3.6)
( )
( ) dz
z
p
w d
dy
y
p
v d
z y
c
c
=
c
c
=

1
2
1
1
2
1
component and for
2
2
.............(3.7)
.............(3.8)
Bernoullis Equation
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= + + dz
z
p
dy
y
p
dx
x
p
w v u d

1
2
1
(3.8) through (3.6) eq. adding
2 2 2
.............(3.9)
dp dz
z
p
dy
y
p
dx
x
p
w v u
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= + +
2 2 2 2
V
however,
.............(3.10)
.............(3.11)
( )
V V
V
2
1
(3.9), into (3.11) and (3.10) eq. ng substituti
2
d dp
dp
d

=
=
.............(3.12)
Eulers equation
2
2 2
2
1 1
2
1
2
2
1 2
V
2
1
V
2
1
2
V
2
V
V V
constant,
2
1
2
1

+ = +
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
=
} }
p p
p p
d dp
p
p
V
V
.............(3.13)
Bernoullis equation
streamline along V
2
1
2
const p = +
flow t the throughou V
2
1
2
const p = +
Bernoullis equation for irrotional flow
.............(3.14)
.............(3.15)
The venturi and Low-Speed Wind Tunnel
( ) x A A=
1
1
1
A
V

2
2
2
A
V

1 2
Quasi-one-dimensional flow in a duct
}}
}}} }}
= -
= - +
c
c
S
V S
dV
0 dS V
flow steady for
0 dS V
t
eq., continuity the of form Integral

...........(2.39)
.............(3.16)
}} }} }}
= - + - + -
1 2
0 dS V dS V dS V
duct, the apply to
A A wall

.............(3.17)
}}
= -
= -
wall
0 dS V
0 dS V
wall, the along

.............(3.18)
}}
= -
1
1 1 1
V dS V
1 station at
A
A .............(3.19)
}}
= -
2
2 2 2
V dS V
2 station at
A
A .............(3.20)
2 2 2 1 1 1
2 2 2 1 1 1
V V
0 0 V V
(3.17) into (3.20) to (3.18) ng Substituti
A A
A A


=
= + +
.............(3.21)
2 2 1 1
V V
flow, ible incompress
A A =
.............(3.22)
The venturi and Low-Speed Wind Tunnel
1
1
1
A
p
V
2
2
2
A
p
V
x
p
Throat
Pressure is a
minimum at
the throat
( )
( )
( )
( ) | | 1
2
V
V
2
V
V V
V
2
V
2
2 1
2 1
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
1 2
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
2 1 2
2
1

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
=
+ =
A A
p p
A
A
p p
A
A
p p

.............(3.23)
.............(3.24)
.............(3.25)
.............(3.26)
The venturi and Low-Speed Wind Tunnel
1
1
1
A
V

2 2
2
A
V
,
3
3
3
A
V

model
Settling
chamber
nozzle Test section diffuser
fan
( )
2
1 2 1
2
2
2
3 3
2
2 2
2
1 1
2
3
2
3
1
2
1
2
V
2
V
V
2
1
V
2
1
V
2
1
V V
V V
+ =
+ = + = +
=
=
p p
p p p
A
A
A
A

.............(3.27)
.............(3.28)
.............(3.29)
.............(3.30)
( )
( )
( ) | |
2
1 2
2 1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2 1
2
2
1
2
V
V
2
V
A A
p p
A
A
p p

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =

.............(3.31)
.............(3.32)
Pitot Tube
Total pressure Static pressure
o
B
B
p p
V
=
= 0
1
V
B
A
( )

1 0
1
0
2
1 1
2 2
2
V
pressure total pressure dynamic press static
0 V
2
1
V
2
1
V
2
1
p p
p p
p p
B B A A

=
= +
+ = +
+ = +
.............(3.32)
.............(3.34)
Pressure coefficient
2
V
2
1

=
q
where
q
p p
C
p
.............(3.36)
( )
( )
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
V
V
1
V
2
1
V V
2
1
(3.36), into ng substituti
V V
2
1
V
2
1
V
2
1
flow, ible incompress

=
=
+ = +
p
p
C
q
p p
C
p p
p p

.............(3.37)
.............(3.38)
0 V
0 V 0
constant flow, ible incompress
0 V
t
equation, continuity
0 V
flow, ible incompress
= - V
= - V +
=
= - V +
c
c
= - V

.............(3.39)
.............(2.43)
Condition on Velocity For
Incompressible Flow
.............(3.39)
Governing Equation For Irrational, Incompressible
Flow: Laplaces Equation
( )
0
0
, irrational and ible incompress
V
, potential velocity a flow, irrational
0 V
flow, ible incompress
2
= V
= V - V
V =
= - V
|
|
|
|
.............(3.39)
.............(2.145)
.............(3.40)
Laplaces Equation
( )
0
s, coordinate cartesian
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= V
=
z y x
z y x
| | |
|
| | , ,
.............(3.41)
( )
0
1 1
s, coordinate l cylindrica
2
2
2
2
2
2
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
= V
=
z r r
r
r r
z r
|
u
| |
|
u | | , ,
.............(3.42)
( )
0
1 1
s, coordinate spherical
2
2
2
=
(

|
.
|

\
|
u c
c
u c
c
+
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
+
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
= V
u =
|
u u
|
u
u
|
u
u
|
u | |
sin
sin sin
sin
, ,
r
r
r r
r
.............(3.43)
Governing Equation For Irrational, Incompressible
Flow: Laplaces Equation
0
y x
(3.44), into b) and (2.141a ng substituti
0 V
function, stream flow, ible incompress D, 2
2 2
=
c c
c

c c
c
=
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
= - V
c
c
=
c
c
=

x y y x x y
y
v
x
u
x
v
y
u

0
0
y x
(2.122), into b) and (2.141a ng substituti
0
irrational flow, ible incompress D, 2
2
2
2
2
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c

|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
=
c
c

c
c

y x
y x
y
u
x
v


.............(3.44)
.............(2.141a)
.............(2.141b)
.............(3.45)
.............(2.122)
.............(3.46)
Conclusions:
1. Any irrotational, incompressible flow has a velocity potential and stream function
(for 2-D) that both satisfy Laplaces Equation.
2. Conversely, any solution of Laplaces equation represents the velocity potential or
stream function (2-D) for an irrotational, incompressible flow.

V

V

( ) x f y
b
=
Boundary Conditions
0
V
infinity, at
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
=
c
c
=
c
c
=

x y
v
y x
u
|
|
Boundary conditions on velocity at infinity
.............(3.47a)
.............(3.47b)
( )
surface
b
u
v
dx
dy
or
S
n
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
c
c
=
c
c
= - V = -
0
or
0
0 n n V
wall, at the

|
| .............(3.48a)
.............(3.48b)
.............(3.48c)
.............(3.48e)
Boundary conditions on velocity at the wall
x
y
Uniform Flow:1st Elementary Flow
h
l
C curve

V
cont =
cont = |
r
x
y
0
V
= =
c
c
= =
c
c

v
y
and
u
x
|
|
.............(3.49a)
.............(3.49b)
( )
( )
x
x
then
x g const
y f x

=
+ =
+ =
+ =
V
const. V
(3.49b), eq from
V (3.49a), eq from
|
|
|
|
)
.............(3.52)
........(3.50)
.......(3.51)
.............(3.53)
u
Velocity potential for a uniform flow
y
v
x
and
u
y

=
= =
c
c
= =
c
c
V
then
0
V

.............(3.54a)
.............(3.54b)
.............(3.55)
Stream function for an incompressible
uniform flow.
u
u |
u u
sin
cos
sin cos
r
and
r
r y r x

=
=
= =
V
V
and s, coordinate polar in
.............(3.56)
.............(3.57)
Uniform Flow:1st Elementary Flow
( ) ( )
0
0 0 0 dS V
C curve close consider
dS V
flow, uniform a in n circulatio
= I
= + + = -
- = I

}
}
h l V h l V
C
C
( )
0
0, V , irrational is flow uniform
dS V
0
0 0 V dS V dS V
V
= I
= V
- V = I
= I
= - = - = - = I
=
}}
} }

S
C C
const.
.............(2.127)
.............(3.58)
.............(2.128)
Source/Sink Flow: 2nd Elementary Flow
0 =
=
u
V
r
c
V
r
( )
r
r r
rl
m
v
d rl l rd m
V 2
rate flow volume
V V
flow mass total
2
0
2
0
t

u u
t t
= =
= =
} }

r
r
l
v
r
r
t
t
2
V
V 2
length unit per rate flow volume
A
=
= = A

...............3.59a)
...............3.59b)
. .....3.60)
.....3.60)
.....3.62)
.....3.61)
Source/Sink Flow: 2nd Elementary Flow
0 V
1
2
V
r
potential velocity
2
= =
c
c
A
= =
c
c
A
=
u
u
|
t
|
t
r
r
c
r
( )
( ) r f cont
f r
+ =
+
A
=
|
u
u
t
|
respect to g integratin
2
r respect to g Integratin
ln
r ln
t
|
2
A
=
0 V
2
V
1
function stream the
= =
c
c

A
= =
c
c
u

t u

r
r r
r
( ) r f +
A
= u
t

u
2
respect to w/ g integratin
u
t

2
A
=
( ) 0 dS V = - V = I
}}
S
.....3.63)
.....3.64)
.....3.65)
.....3.66)
.....3.67)
.....3.68)
.....3.69)
.....3.70)
( ) u f const
r
+ =
respect to w/ g integratin
.....3.71)
.....3.72)
Combination of a uniform flow w/ a source and sink
const.
2
streamline
2
function stream
=
A
+ =
A
+ =

u
t
u
u
t
u
sin
sin
r V
r V
.....3.74)
.....3.75)
u

t
u
u

u
sin
cos

=
c
c
=
A
+ =
c
c
=
V
r
V
r
V
r
V
r
2
1
field velocity
.....3.76)
.....3.77)
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
A
=
=
=
A
+

t
t
u
u
t
u
,
sin
cos
V
r,
r
V
r
V
2
at located exists, point stagnation
one that find we , and for solving
0
0
2
points stagnation
.....3.78)
.....3.79)
3.17 fig. in ABC
curve as shown is streamline This const.
2
by described is point stagnation the
through goes that streamline the Hence,
const
2
const
2 2
(3.75) eq. into pont stagnation ng substituti
=
A
=
=
A
=
=
A
+
A
=

t
t
t
t
sin
V
V
( )
2 1
2 1
2
2 2
function stream
u u
t
u
u
t
u
t
u

A
+ =
A

A
+ =

sin
sin
r V
r V
( ) const
2
by given is streamline the of equation The
such that located are points stagnation
2 1
2
=
A
+ =
A
+ = =

u u
t
u
t
sin r V
V
b
b OB OA
.....3.80)
.....3.81)
.....3.82)
0
2 2
streamline stagnation
B point at 0
A point at
streamline stagnation
2 1
2 1
2 1
=
A

A
+
= = =
= = =

u
t
u
t
u
u u u
t u u u
sin r V
.....3.83)
Doublet flow
( )
strength doublet
2
const
0
limit
doublet. as defined pattern flow
special a obtain we constant, remain while 0 as
2 2
is function stream the
flow in the point any At distance a by separated
- strength of sink a and strength of source a
2 1
:
.
k
u
t
k

u
t
u u
t

=
|
.
|

\
|
A

= A

=
A
A
A
=
A
=
A A
d
l
l
l l
P l
.....3.84)
.....3.85)
A A
l
P
u d
u
a
b
r
3.85 into 3.86 eq. ng Substituti
Hence

u
u
u
u
u
u
cos
sin
cos
sin
l r
l
b
a
d
b
a
d
l r b
l a

= =
=
=
=
.....3.86)
r
l r
l
l
l r
l
l
l
u
t
k

u
u
t
k
k

u
u
t
k

sin
cos
sin
cos
sin
2
or
2
const
0
limit
or
2
const
0
limit
=
|
.
|

\
|

= A

=
|
.
|

\
|

= A

=
.....3.87)
Doublet flow
u
t
k
u
t
k

u
t
k
|
sin
sin
cos
c
r
c
r
r
2
or
const
2
flow doublet for streamline the
2
potential velocity the
=
= = =
=
.....3.88)
.....3.89)
Nonlifting flow over a circular cilinder
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=

2
2
1
or
2
function stream the
r V
r V
r
r V
t
k
u
u
t
k
u
sin
sin
sin
.....3.91)
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

2
2
2
1
as written be can 3.91 eq , V 2 let
r
R
r V
R
u
t k
sin .....3.92)
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) 0 1
0 1
points stagnation of location the
1
1
2

1
1
1 1
field velocity
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
c
c
=

u
u
u
u u

u
u
u

u
u
sin
cos
sin
sin sin
cos
cos
V
r
R
V
r
R
V
r
R
V
V
r
R
r
R
r V
r
V
V
r
R
V
r
R
r V
r r
V
r
r
.....3.93)
.....3.94)
.....3.95)
.....3.96)
( )
u
t
k
u
u
sin
sin

=
=
=
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
V V
V
R r
V
R
r
R
r V
r
2
0
with 3.94 and 3.93 eq.
by given is cylinder the of the of
surface on the on distributi Velocity
2
0 1
is points stagnation he through t passes that streamline of equation
2
2
.....3.97)
.....3.98)
.....3.99)
.....3.100)
u
2
2
4 1
3.38 and 3.100 equation combining
1
t coefficien pressure
sin =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

p
p
C
V
V
C
.....3.38)
.....3.101)
( )
( )dy C C
c
c
dx C C
c
c
TE
LE
l p
u p a
c
u p
l p
n

1

1
become 1.16 and 1.15 equation
0
}
}
=
=
,
,
,
,
.....3.102)
.....3.103)
Vortex flow
( )
t
t
t
u
u
u
2
2
2 dS V radius
of streamline circular given a around n circulatio
I
=
I
=
= - = I
=
}
C
and
r
V
or
r V r
r
const
V
C
,
.....3.105)
.....3.106)
.....3.104)
( )
( )
dS
C
or
dS C
dS dS
r
dS C
S
S S
S
2
V
V 2
3.109 and 3.108 eq combining
V V
0 Let
V dS V 2
flow of plane the lar to perpendicu both
direction, same in the are dS and V Both
dS V C 2
2.137 and 3.106 eq. combining
origin. at the except al irrotation is flow vortex
= V
V =
V V

V = - V =
V
- V =
}}
}} }}
}}
t .....3.107)
.....3.108)
.....3.109)
.....3.110)
V

V
become 110 3 eq hence
0 0
.
, , dS r
u
t u
|
|
u

r
V
r
V
r
r
2
b and 3.111a eq. g integratin
2
1
0
flow for vortex potential velocity the
=
I
= =
c
c
= =
c
c
.....3.111a)
.....3.111b)
.....3.112)
r

r
V
r
V
r
r
ln
2
b and 3.113a eq. g integratin
2
0
1
flow for vortex function stream the
=
I
= =
c
c

= =
c
c

u
.....3.113a)
.....3.113b)
.....3.114)

Lifting Flow Over A Cylinder

( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

2
2
1
1
radius
cylinder a over flow lifting non
r
R
r V
R
u sin .....3.92)
R
r

R
r

ln
ln
ln
2
2
constant and,
constant
2
strength w/ for vortex function stream the
2
2
=
I
=
+ =
I

.....3.115)
.....3.116)
.....3.117)
( )
R
r
r
R
r V ln sin
t
u

2
1
2
2
2 1
I
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
+ =

.....3.118)
|
|
.
|

\
|
I
=
=
=
I

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
I

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

R V

r
V
r
R
V
r V
r
R
V
r
V
r
R
V
r V
r
R
V
r
r
t
u
t
u
u
t
u
u
u
u
4
obtain we , for solving and
3.122 eq. into result this ng substituti R, r 3.121, eq. from
0
2
1
0 1
points stagnation
2
1
1
field velocity
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
arcsin
sin
cos
sin
cos .....3.119)
.....3.120)
.....3.121)
.....3.122)
.....3.123)
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
I
+
I
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
I
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
I
= =
=

2
2
2 2
2
2
4 1
2
2 1 1
t coefficien pressure
2
2
cylinder, the of surface on the velocity
RV RV
C
or
RV V
V
C
R
V V V
R r
p
p
t t
u
u
t
u
t
u
u
sin
sin
sin
sin
( )
} }
}
=
= =
TE
LE
l p
TE
LE
u p
d
TE
LE
l p
u p a
d
dy C
c
dy C
c
c
or
dy C C
c
c c

1

1

1
,
,
,
,
}
}
=
=
= =
0
0
2
1

2
1
2 and
3.127 into 3.128 eq. ng substituti
n
coord polar
to 3.127 eq. converting
t
t
u u
u u
u u u
d C
d C c
R c
d R dy R si y
l p
u p
d
cos
cos
cos ,
,
,
.....3.125)
.....3.126)
.....3.127)
.....3.129)
.....3.128)
0
obtain y immedietel we
0 and
0
0
that noting and 3.130 into 3.126 eq. ng substituti

2
1

2
1

2
1
2
0
2
0
2
2
0
2
0
2
0
=
=
=
=
=
=

}
}
}
}
} }
d
p
d
p p
d
p
l p
u p
c
d
d
d
d C c
d C d C c
C C C
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
u u u
u u u
u u
u u
u u u u
cos sin
cos sin
cos
cos
cos cos
,
,
,
.....3.130)
.....3.131a)
.....3.131b)
.....3.131c)
.....3.132)
} }
= =
c
u p
c
l p
n
l
dx C
c
dx C
c
c c
0 0

1

1
,
,
}
} }
=
+ =
= =
t
t
t
t
u u
u u u u
u u u
2
0
0 2

2
1

2
1

2
1
3.133 into 3.134 eq. ng substituti

coord polar to converting
d C c
d C d C c
d R dx R x
p
l
u p
l p l
sin
sin sin
sin , cos
,
,
.....3.133)
.....3.134)
.....3.135)
.....3.136)

I
=
RV
c
l
obtain y immedietel we
0 and
0
0
that noting and 3.136
into 3.126 eq. ng substituti
2
0
2
2
0
3
2
0
=
=
=
}
}
}
t
t
t
u u
u u
u u
d
d
d
sin
sin
sin
.....3.137a)
.....3.137b)
.....3.137b)
.....3.138)
( )
I =
I
= =
= =

V L
RV
R V L R S
Sc V Sc q L
L
l l

'
' ,
'
'
2
2
1
1 2
2
1
span perunit lift
2
2
.....3.139)
.....3.140)
The lift per unit span is directly proportional to circulation
Kutta-Joukowski theorem


The Kutta-Joukowski Theorem and The
Generation of Lift