The controlled heating and cooling processes used to change the structure of a material and alter its physical

and mechanical properties

Segregation By Size & Material type Fixturing Preheat Soak (austenite) Quench (martensite transformation) Freeze (cryogenics) Temper.

Cause relief of internal stresses developed during cold working,welding, casting, forging etc. Harden and strengthen metals. Improve machinability. Change grain size Soften metals for further (cold) working as in wire drawing or cold rolling

Improve ductility and toughness Increase, heat, wear and corrosion resistance of materials. Improve electrical and magnetic properties. .

The various types of heat treating processes are similar because they all involve the heating and coolling of metals; they differ in the heating temperatures and the cooling rates used and the final results. Ferrous metals (metals with iron) are annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering. Nonferrous metals can be annealed, but never tempered, normalized, or case hardened.

annealing tempering normalizing hardening

HARDNESS TOUGHNESS WEAR RESISTANCE MACHINABILITY BRITTLESNESS TENSILE STRENGTH SHEAR STRENGTH

 the

ability of a material to resist penetration or indentation.it is also a means to measure one material againts another.normally, the harder the material the greater its tensile strength.

 the

ability of a material to absorb sudden applied loads or shocks repeatedly without permanent deformation.

the measure of how well a material can be machined. factors concerning machinability are cutting speed, tool life and surface finish.

Reduce overall cost to manufacture a product Increase production rate Maintain quality Reduce cost of tooling (cost effective) Design safe and easy to use tools

 Cutting tools, tool holders and cutting fluids Machine tools Jigs and fixtures Gages and measuring instruments Dies for sheet metal cutting and forming Dies for forging, cold finishing and extrusion Fixtures for welding, riveting and other mechanical fastening

 Statement and analysis of the problem Analysis of the requirements Development of initial ideas Development of design alternatives Finalization of design ideas

Problem without tooling What the tool is supposed to do?- Drill four holes Bottleneck in assembly- Low productivity with out tooling

Must perform certain functions Must meet certain minimum precision requirements Must keep the cost to a minimum Must be available when the production schedule requires it Must be operated safely Must meet other requirements such as adaptability to the machine tool, etc.

Material Cutting Tools Workholding Devices Pressworking Tools Pressworking Tool Bending, Forming and Drawing Dies Tool Design for Inspection and Gaging Tooling for casting Tool design for joining process

Do not crowd views Analyze each cut Use standard values Use only the views necessary to define the part Realistic, thoughtful tolerances Shaft easier to change than hole Use stock sizes if possible Notes may be necessary

Lay out the part (red is suggested) Lay out cutting tools and holders Indicate locating requirements 3-2-1 locating planes Indicate clamping requirements Use full scale if possible Indicate standard fixture parts Identify each item with balloons and leaders

Make drill jigs large enough to hold without the danger of spinning. Small drill jigs should always be clamped in a vise or against a bar or backstop. Install plexiglass guards around all milling and fIycutting operations where chips endanger workers or work areas.

 Safety should be designed into the tooling. Cutting should never be performed against a clamp, because of vibration and tool chatter. Instead, parts should be nested against pins in order to take the cutter load. Rigidity and fool proofing should always be built into the tooling.