Kuliah

Transport melalui membran

SUPARMI, S.Si, M.Si

BAGIAN BIOLOGI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNISSULA

Pendahuluan

1
2

Struktur dan Fungsi Membran Sel Transport Melalui Membran

a b

Transport Pasif
Transport Aktif Cotransport Exocytosis, Endocytosis & Transcytosis

c d

Membran Sel

F5-1

Fungsi Membran Sel

Bagian terluar sel Membatasi bagian dalam dan lingk luar Sebagai reseptor (penerima) rangsang dari luar seperti hormon dan bahan kimia lain, baik dari lingk luar maupun dari dalam Melindungi isi sel agar tidak keluar Mengontrol zat yang keluar dan masuk Sebagai tempat terjadinya kegiatan biokimia (seperti reaksi oksidasi dan respirasi)

Struktur Membran Sel

Struktur Membran Sel

Fosfolipid

HYDROPHILIC heads (water liking) -Attracted to the water called POLAR

HYDROPHOBIC tails (water fearing) -Not attracted to the water called NON-POLAR

Struktur Membran Sel

Effect of temperature on the packing of the hydrocarbons
Low temperatures the bilayer is in a gel state and tightly packed. At higher (body) temperatures the bilayer actually "melts' and the interior is fluid allowing the lipid molecules to move around, rotate, exchange places. This also allows movement of other components of the membrane.

Struktur Membran Sel

Cholesterol

Another type of lipid in the membrane is cholesterol. The amount of cholesterol may vary with the type of membrane. Plasma membranes have nearly one cholesterol per phospholipid molecule. Other membranes (like those around bacteria) have no cholesterol.

Struktur Membran Sel

Fungsi Cholesterol

1. 2.

3.

They immobilize the first few hydrocarbon groups of the phospholipid molecules. This makes the lipid bilayer less deformable and decreases its permeability to small water-soluble molecules. Without cholesterol (such as in a bacterium) a cell would need a cell wall. Cholesterol prevents crystallization of hydrocarbons and phase shifts in the membrane.

Struktur Membran Sel

Glikolipid

1.protective 2.insulators 3.sites of receptor binding.

Struktur Membran Sel

PROTEIN Two major types of membrane proteins

Look at the picture and notice the integral proteins and the peripheral proteins.

Struktur Membran Sel

INTEGRAL PROTEIN Transmembrane or embedded proteins allowing for passage through the membranes hydrophobic region PERIFERAL PROTEIN Appendages to the membrane or may be found attached to integral proteins

Struktur Membran Sel

Transport proteins Usually integral Specific for solute Some hydrolyze ATP

Sifat Membran Sel

+ dapat dilewati
- Tidak dapat dilewati

LALU LINTAS MATERI KELUAR MASUK SEL

1. Prinsip a. Ada pergerakan materi keluar masuk sel. b. Nutrisi harus masuk. c. Sampah harus keluar. d. Ion bergerak keluar masuk.

LALU LINTAS MATERI KELUAR MASUK SEL 2. Mekanisme a. Transpor pasif - Difusi Pergerakan partikel/molekul/ion terlarut dari tempat yang konsentrasinya tinggi ke tempat yang konsentrasinya lebih rendah. - Osmosis Pergerakan cairan pelarut melalui membran semipermeabel dari tempat yang konsentrasinya lebih rendah, ke tempat yang konsentrasinya lebih tinggi. b. Transpor aktif Pergerakan molekul/ion melawan gradien konsentrasinya dengan menggunakan energi yang dihasilkan sel itu sendiri. Mis : Pompa Natrium Pompa Calsium Endo/Eksositosis

TRANSPORT PASIF
DIFUSI Cell membrane

Inside cell

Outside cell

TRANSPORT PASIF
DIFUSI Cell membrane

diffusion

Inside cell

Outside cell

TRANSPORT PASIF
DIFUSI Cell membrane

Inside cell

Outside cell EQUILIBRIUM

TRANSPORT PASIF
Zat-zat yang berdifusi
1. Oxygen Non-polar so diffuses very quickly. Carbon dioxide Polar but very small so diffuses quickly. Water Polar but also very small so diffuses quickly.

1.

2.

TRANSPORT PASIF
Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kecepatan difusi

1. Gradien konsentrasi zat 2.Temperature. 3.Luas area permukaan/ ukuran molekul 4.Tipe molekul atau ion yang berdifusi

TRANSPORT PASIF
Difusi terfasilitasi
Large polar molecules such as glucose and amino acids, cannot diffuse across the phospholipid bilayer. Also ions such as Na+ or Cl- cannot pass.
These molecules pass through protein channels instead. Diffusion through these channels is called FACILITATED DIFFUSION. Movement of molecules is still PASSIVE just like ordinary diffusion, the only difference is, the molecules go through a protein channel instead of passing between the phospholipids.

TRANSPORT PASIF
Difusi Terfasilitasi

TRANSPORT PASIF
Difusi Terfasilitasi
Cell membrane

Protein channel Inside cell Outside cell

TRANSPORT PASIF
Difusi Terfasilitasi
Cell membrane

diffusion

Protein channel Inside cell Outside cell

TRANSPORT PASIF
Difusi Terfasilitasi
Cell membrane

diffusion

Protein channel Inside cell Outside cell

EQUILIBRIUM

TRANSPORT PASIF
Osmosis

The cells of organisms are surrounded by and filled with fluids that are made mostly of water. The movement of (diffusion) of water through cell membranes is so important to life processes that it has been given a special name- OSMOSIS

TRANSPORT PASIF
Osmosis

Osmosis : gerakan air dari potensial air lebih tinggi ke potensial air lebih rendah melewati membran selektif permeabel sampai dicapai keseimbangan dinamis

TRANSPORT PASIF
DILUTE SOLUTION Osmosis CONCENTRATED SOLUTION Cell membrane partially permeable.

Sugar molecule

VERY Low conc. of water molecules. High water potential.

VERY High conc. of water molecules. High water potential.

Inside cell

Outside cell

TRANSPORT PASIF
Osmosis
Cell membrane partially permeable.

OSMOSIS

Low conc. of water molecules. High water potential.

High conc. of water molecules. High water potential.

Inside cell

Outside cell

TRANSPORT PASIF
Osmosis
Cell membrane partially permeable.

OSMOSIS

Inside cell

Outside cell

EQUILIBRIUM. Equal water concentration on each side. Equal water potential has been reached. There is no net movement of water

TRANSPORT PASIF
The cell & Osmosis

Osmosis important to cellular functions. RBC (red blood cells) are swimming in plasma which is mostly water with salts, sugars, and other nutrients.

What is effect of immersing an animal cell in a hypertonic or hypotonic solution?

TRANSPORT PASIF
Effect of Water on RBC

TRANSPORT PASIF
Effect of Water on RBC
Tonicity how a solutions osmolarity affects cell volume

Isotonic solutions with the same solute concentration as that of the cytosol Hypertonic solutions having greater solute concentration than that of the cytosol; water leaves the cell causing crenation (shrinkage) Hypotonic solutions having lesser solute concentration than that of the cytosol; water enters the cell causing swelling and potential lysis

TRANSPORT AKTIF
Primary active transport: hydrolysis of ATP phosphorylates the transport protein causing conformational change Secondary active transport: use of an exchange pump (such as the Na+-K+ pump) indirectly to drive the transport of other solutes Symport system two substances move across a membrane in the same direction (also called cotransport) Antiport system two substances move across a membrane in opposite directions (also called countertransport)

TIPE

Types of Active Transport

Active Transport requires a cell uses energy to move molecules across the membrane.

Active Transport
Active transport - movement of materials AGAINST the concentration gradient from low concentration to high concentration
Requires the cell to use energy (ATP) 2 kinds: 1. membrane pumps 2. vesicle transports

Active Transport
Active transport proteins: Move substrates against concentration gradient Require energy, such as ATP Ion pumps move ions (Na+, K+, Ca+, Mg2+) Na+-K+ Exchange Pump moves both of these ions at the same time, each in the opposite direction (called antiport or countertransport) Proton Pump uses photosynthesis or food energy to create a proton concentration gradient that then is used to manufacture ATP

Sodium-Potassium Exchange Pump

Active transport, carrier mediated: 1 ATP moves 3 Na+ out 2 K+ in This creates an electrical potential across the membrane Called the Transmembrane Potential

Transmembrane Potential
Voltage across a membrane Resting membrane potential the point where K+ potential is balanced by the membrane potential Ranges from 20 to 200 mV Results from Na+ and K+ concentration gradients across the membrane Differential permeability of the plasma membrane to Na+ and K+ Steady state potential is maintained by active transport of ions

Proton Pump (in Mitochondrial Membranes)

Expends metabolic energy to pump protons across membranes

PLAY

Proton Pump

Vesicular Transport
Also called bulk transport Transport of large particles and macromolecules across plasma membranes Directional Descriptive Terms Exocytosis moves substance from the cell interior to the extracellular space Endocytosis enables large particles and macromolecules to enter the cell Receptor-mediated Pinocytosis Phagocytosis Functional Descriptive Terms Transcytosis moving substances into, across, and then out of a cell Vesicular trafficking moving substances from one area in the cell to another Phagocytosis pseudopodsengulfsolidsandbringthemintothecells interior

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Receptors (glycoproteins called clathrin) bind target molecules (ligands) Coated vesicle (endosome) carries ligands and receptors into the cell

 Pinocytosis (cell drinking) Endosomesdrinkextracellularfluid

 Phagocytosis (cell eating) pseudopodia (psuedo = false, podia = feet) engulf large objects in phagosomes

Getting the Big Stuff In and Out Exocytosis Is the reverse of endocytosis

Summary

Semarang, 15NOVEMBER 2010