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Magnets
Magnetic field
Electromagnets
Dc motor
Hall effect
Magnetic induction
Ac generator
Transformer
The magnetic force
• In magnetic substance,
like iron, each atom is
a small magnet
• A larger magnetic
force is produced
when these tiny
magnet are aligned in
the same direction
Magnetic fields
Existence of magnetic
fields:
• Magnets attract small iron
particles
• Compass needle rotates
with the Earth poles
The magnetic field is
stronger at the pole
The direction pointing by
the trace of magnetic
needle: magnetic field
lines
Magnetic field created by a wire
carrying current
(b) Electrons have spin and can be crudely pictured as rotating charge,
forming a current that produces a magnetic field with a north and south
pole.
Circuit breaker
The circuit breaker is a typical application of the
electromagnet. The electromagnet can create a
strong magnetic field. The electromagnet of the circuit
breaker is usually not strong enough to attract the iron
bolt under the normal current range. However, if there
is a fault which causes a current surge, the iron bolt is
pulled out of the plunger by the electromagnet.
Hence, the circuit is broken.
Magnetic force on current-carrying
wire
F
F is proportional to I, B and l
Magnetic force on current-carrying
wire
ε = Blv
Blood velocity Measurement
The blood tube is a
conductor-carrying vessel
E = Blv
E is the emf in volts,
B is the magnetic strength
in Tesla (T)
l =2a is the vessel’s
diameter in m
Doppler ultrasound
The frequency shift of the reflected ultrasound :
2 fv cos θ
∆f =
c
Where f is the source
frequency, v the speed
of the moving blood,
and c is the speed of
sound in the tissue.
By measuring the frequency shift ∆ f, the average speed of the blood can
be calculate.
Comparison of Blood Velocity Measurement
The electromagnetic and ultrasound techniques are two most used
methods for the the measurement of the blood flow rate..
• The features of ultrasound technique are as follows:
•In clinical application, it is most frequently utilized to detect
the presence or location of blood flow rather than to measure its
magnitude accurately
•The frequency shift is in the audio range and is made audible
with loudspeaker.
•The popularity of the magnetic technique is the result of the
following factors:
•Utilized normally during surgical procedures in which blood
vessels are exposed .
•Producing accuracies up to 5%
•Accommodation of blood vessels of diameters from 1mm to
20 mm
Electromagnetic Induction: Phenomena
We have learned :
•A current-carrying wire in a magnetic field will
experience a force,
•A current loop in a magnetic field will experience a torque
How about a torque in a magnetic field to create a current?
The answer is YES.
B BA cos θ
θ represents the product of a area A with the
perpendicular component of a magnetic field B
A passing through it.
θ is the angle between the direction of the magnetic
field B and the normal the area A.
The unit of magnetic flux is T ·m2
Electromagnetic Induction: Lenz law
Lenz law
An induced current has a direction such
that it induces a magnetic field which
opposes the changes in the magnetic flux
i.e. BA cos θ
The Generation of Alternative
Current
Faraday’s law is the basis of
an ac current generation
∆
ε = − BA (cos θ ) = BAω sin θ
∆t
In order to generate ac currents
• not necessary to move magnet,
• rotation of a coil of wire
between poles of magnet
The induced potential difference (or current) is increased, if
- the coil rotate faster, - the area of the coil is increased,
- there are more turns on the coil,
- the strength of the magnet is increased
Simple ac generator
• It has a fixed magnet and a
rotating coil
• Coil connected to a conducting
ring
• The conducting rings rotate
together with coil
• The rings come into contact with
two fixed carbon brushes
The device with which we can rise and lower the voltage is
called the transformer.
transformer
The Transformer Principle
1) V1 V2 230 11.5
= ∴ =
N1 N 2 1000 N 2
N2= 50 Turns
2)
I1 N1 = I 2 N 2 ∴ 0.01 ⋅1000 = I 2 ⋅ 50
I2=0.2 A