II

Background informations

Prof. M. M.
Ninan
 SAUL PAUL

Pharisee of a Pharisee

Religious scenario of the time

“The builder and the Architect of the Church”
Liturgy of St.Jacob
The Jews had for a great while had three
sects of philosophy peculiar to themselves;
the sect of the Essens,
and the sect of the Sadducees,
and the third sort of opinions was that of
those called Pharisees

Flavius Josephus
ANTIQUITIES OF THE
JEWS 18
 3 Jewish Sects

Saducees
Sola Scriptura. Freewill. Liberals

Pharisees
Law, Prophets, Predistination+Freewill
Theologians.

Essene
Mystics, Predestination, Sanyasis
 Essenes 3 Jewish Sects
Mystic group
Saducees
the Jews
who only followed the Written Torah,
making up
their own interpretations.

Pharisees
(the mainstream Jews)
Mishna
(The Oral Traditions)
 Jewish general Joseph son of
Matthias defended Galilee
against the Roman legions.
After he had been defeated, he
defected to his enemies, and
flavius

advised the Roman general

Vespasian. When the latter
became emperor, his adviser
started a career as a historian
who tried to explain Judaism to
the Greeks and Romans. His
most important works are the
Jewish War, the
Jewish Antiquities, an
Autobiography and an apology
of Judaism Against Apion (or
Against the Greeks). Being an
influential Roman citizen, he
accepted a new name: Flavius
Josephus. He must have died
about 100 CE, more than sixty
years old.

Josephus
Flavius Josephus,
ca.38-100.
De antiquitate
Judaica. De bello
Judaico.
Augsburg: Johann
Schüssler, 1470
 The priests, the rich, and the
politicians, who cooperated with
Rome;
all High Priests,
like Annas and Caiaphas
were Sadducees.

The Scribes (writers)

and
Essene
Rabbis (teachers)
Sanyasi
were Pharisees
 PHARISEES
(The Seperated Ones)
opposed Greek and Roman rule of their country.
Believed in:
the existence of hell, angels, and demons,

Bodily resurrection,

the future coming of the Messiah.

"the Sadducees say that there is no resurrection, nor 
an angel, nor a spirit; but the Pharisees acknowledge 
them all." Acts 23:8
 "Sadducees" (who say that there is no resurrection) 
Lk 20:27
 Pharisees
Developed from
“Pious Ones”
( 1 Macc 2:42)
The Name means:
“Seperated Ones”
Anti-Hellenism
 Popular religious group
concerned with Piety
Observed “Oral Laws”

Revelation on Sinai

Written Laws Oral Laws

(Traditions)
 Scripture Is
Beware of
Tradition
the "Hold fast to
Leaven of the traditions
the you received"
Pharisees (2 Thess. 2:15).
No political influence until
Alexandra Salome (76-67 BC);
Actually persecuted under
Hasmonean, Alexander Janneaus,
her husband

With regard to Torah

interpretation,
the liberals of the day.
[297] What I would now explain is this, that the
Pharisees have delivered to the people a great
many observances by succession from their
fathers, which are not written in the laws of
Moses; and for that reason it is that the
Sadducees reject them, and say that we are to
esteem those observances to be obligatory which
are in the written word, but are not to observe
what are derived from the tradition of our
forefathers
Josephus: Jewish Antiquities,
Book 13
3. Now, for the Pharisees, they live meanly,
and despise delicacies in diet; and they follow
the conduct of reason; and what that
prescribes to them as good for them they do;
and they think they ought earnestly to strive to
observe reason's dictates for practice.
They also pay a respect to such as are in
years; nor are they so bold as to contradict
them in any thing which they have introduced;
and when they determine that all things are
done by fate, they do not take away the
freedom from men of acting as they think fit;
since their notion is, that it hath pleased God
to make a temperament, whereby what he
wills is done, but so that the will of man can
act virtuously or viciously.
3 They also believe that souls have an
immortal rigor in them, and that under the
earth there will be rewards or punishments,
according as they have lived virtuously or
viciously in this life; and the latter are to be
detained in an everlasting prison, but that the
former shall have power to revive and live
again;

ANTIQUITIES OF THE
JEWS 18
Now for the Pharisees, they say that some actions,
but not all, are the work of fate, and some of them
are in our own power, and that they are liable to
fate, but are not caused by fate.
But the sect of the Essens affirm, that fate governs
all things, and that nothing befalls men but what is
according to its determination.
And for the Sadducees, they take away fate, and
say there is no such thing, and that the events of
human affairs are not at its disposal; but they
suppose that all our actions are in our own power,
so that we are ourselves the causes of what is
good, and receive what is evil from our own folly.

Flavius Josephus ANTIQUITIES OF THE JEWS 13

Survived the destruction of
temple.
They developed the
Synagogues.

Mainstay of modern
Jewish faith
Sadducees
(1) Those of Zadok. (Zadokite)
They claim descent from Zadok,
a high priest during the time of King David.

(2) The righteous ones,

based on the Hebrew: Zadiq meaning
righteous.
(3) Judges or controllers,
from the Greek word syndikoi.
 Saducees
No Sadducee texts are known; their ideas and
opinions are only known from hostile sources
The fundamental difference between the Sadducees
and the Pharisees is the interpretation of the Law of
Moses
Take it literally
and
nothing more, nothing less
 Man is a unity
Man is Body,
Saducees
Soul and
Man is only Man is
Material Spirit
Body and Soul
Materialism Pharisees
Body
Man
ceases to exist Ceases to exist. Essene
Soul exists
on death
forever
annihilation

Soul in hell Soul in heaven

Soul reborn:
reincarnation eternally

purified
Deny "spirit"
Man has no soul being "monochotomous in nature"
No conscious life after death
Heaven is a literal restored "garden of Eden" on earth
Hell is annihilation rather than eternal conscious torment
Anti-Trinitarian
The Holy Spirit doesn't exist, but is merely a personification
of God's power
The Devil doesn't exist, but is the personification of Sin
Demons don't exist, but are personification of disease.
Jesus, being created by God, ceased to exist for 3 days in 
tomb.
 Saducees

Spiritual Resurrection

 
1- The "Shammai"
No Bodily resurrection
believed that the
                              
righteous would enjoy eternal life and the
   
wicked would suffer eternal damnation.
2- The "Hillel" believed that the wicked
would return to eternal life after having been
purged by fire in hell.
 Third Group of Materialists

But the doctrine of the Sadducees is this:

That souls die with the bodies;

nor do they regard the observation of any

thing besides what the law enjoins them;
for they think it an instance of virtue to
dispute with those teachers of philosophy
whom they frequent.

ANTIQUITIES OF THE
JEWS 18
Acts 23:6-10
 Started
probably at Hasomean
Kingdom
or even with David.
Ended
by the destruction of the temple
70 AD
The Sadducees solidified as a group soon after the Maccabean revolt
(167-160 B.C.). Because they supported the Hasmonean policy of
military and economic expansion, they gradually came to exercise
tremendous influence in John Hyrcanus's court (134-104 B.C.).

Their influence predominated until the end of Alexander Jannaeus's

reign (76 B.C.).

Under Queen Alexandra (76-67 B.C.) the Sadducees lost their power,
and their numbers were greatly reduced.

They fared little better under Herod the Great (37-4 B.C.), who deeply
mistrusted the native Jewish aristocracy.

With the imposition of direct Roman rule (A.D. 6), Sadducean

fortunes revived. Between A.D. 6 and 66 the Sadducees not only
became a major power within the Sanhedrin, but, for many years, they
were able to control the high priesthood as well.

The revolt of 66-70 spelled the end for the Sadducees.

Essenes
Name derived from Essæi by Philo,
who derives it from hosios, "holy",

and Essæi and Esseni by Josephus.

Their numbers according to both

authors was about 4000 and their chief
place of residence along the west side,
but away from the shore, of the
Dead Sea.
The doctrine of the Essens is this:
That all things are best ascribed to God.
They teach the immortality of souls, and
esteem that the rewards of righteousness are
to be earnestly striven for; and when they
send what they have dedicated to God into
the temple, they do not offer sacrifices
because they have more pure lustrations of
their own; on which account they are
excluded from the common court of the
temple, but offer their sacrifices themselves;
 Started 150 BC
Disappeared by 100 AD

Moasticism,
Asceticism,
Communistic life
 Tent Maker
t he
u l– e
Pa rise
a
Ph

Paul supported himself.

He was a rich Roman. (Acts. 24:26)
Every Pharisee had to teach his son a trade by
which he could live—
Acts 18:3-20; 1 Corinthians 4:12
 Should earn his own living
Should be married.
Strict adherents to sex within
marriage.

the synagogue,
the rabbi,
prayer,
Torah study,
and belief in the oral law
Education
 Among the men of
Tarsus the zeal for
philosophy and
other kinds of education
surpasses that in Athens and
Alexandria and any other
place renowned for schools
and occupation in philosophy
–Strabo Geography 14.5.13
In Early Age he was taught
in the Tarsus in the
Roman tradition.
At about age 14,
Paul was
sent to Jerusalem
Paul came to study in Jerusalem
under Gamaliel
when Shammai became Nasi of the Sanhedrin
and the rise to supremacy of the house of
(Beit) Shammai from AD 20.
 Rabban Gamaliel
Rabbinical teacher, the mentor of St. Paul.
Gamaliel counseled the Jewish Sanhedrin in
Jerusalem to release St. Peter and other apostles.
(Acts 5:38-39)
He reportedly became a Christian, and the finding
of his body in Jerusalem was celebrated on
August 3 by early Christians.
CHIEF RABBAN
COSTUME
consisting of
underrobe,
mantle & turban.
Red, gold & white
combination.
 Manassite chief.
The president of the Sanhedrin at
Jerusalem;
teacher of St. Paul.

He was also known as

Gamaliel I, or Gamaliel the Elder.
Grandson and disciple of the famous
scholar Hillel.

Grandson of Gamaliel I. Gamaliel II

helped consolidate Judaism after the
Jewish war (AD 66-70).
He studied under Rabaan Gamaliel

Kaver of Rabban Gamaliel

Becomes a self-righteous
Pharisee and a patriotic
zealot--Acts 22:3
He becomes a persecutor of
Christians--Acts 7:58; 8:3-22;
26:9-11
A Greek Scholar
A Hebrew Scholar
A Scholar in the Jewish Law
An Aristocratic Roman Citizen
of fortune.
A Man of Three Worlds

Jew
Hellenic
Culture

Roman
Citizen
Principles of Missiology

Go ye,
into all the
nations
and
Preach the
Gospel
Word became flesh.
The Gospel was embeded in Hebrew Culture.
 Pa
ul
os
e
Thomas
Early Christian Relief Carving
St.Paul’s Church today