Chapter 10

A Young Country Struggles and Grows

1. Baby Steps
Population
Doubles every 25 years 1790 4 Million People Only 5 Cities over 10,000 (90% Rural) Philadelphia, New York, Boston, Charleston, Baltimore

2. Growth and Beginnings

New States
Vermont 14th, (1791) Kentucky 15th, (1792) Tennessee 16th, (1796) Ohio 17th (1803)

New President
Obstacles (Mistrust, Debt, Foreign Involvement) George Washington (1789) Unanimous Selection by Electors Inauguration in New York City First Cabinet, (Not stated specifically in Constitution) State-Jefferson, TreasuryHamilton, War- Henry Knox

3. Bill of Rights
Top Priority
Anti-Federalists insisted before Constitution approved First 10 amendments to the Constitution (Basic Liberties) Madison passed these through Congress

Supreme Court
Congress passes Judiciary Act of 1789 Established Supreme Court, Federal and Circuit Courts John Jay- First Supreme Court Justice

4. Alexander Hamilton
Big Personality/Big Challenges
Financial Difficulties Favored the Upper Class (Trickle Down Economics) National Government Assumed State Debts Bring the States closer to the Government Massachusetts- Big Debt, Virginia- Small Debt Compromise of 1790, National Capitol on the Potomac Large National Debt Tariffs- Dependent on Foreign Trade Domestic Taxes Bank of the United States

5. Early Struggles
Whiskey Rebellion
Pennsylvania (1794) Protest of the whiskey tax Washington sent a 13,000 troop regiment from several states No Problem, Strong Precedent

Political Parties
Unknown in the Constitution Hamiltonians vs. Jeffersonians Loose Construction vs. Strict Construction Necessary and Proper, Elastic Clause

6. Foreign Affairs
French Revolution
Americans intrigued and flattered (2nd Revolution) Reign of Terror Federalist Against AntiFeds (Jeff.)- For World Conflict British Involvement

Proclamation of Neutrality
Washington issues Neutrality Controversial Not Strong Enough Edmond Genet

7. British Problems
Great Lakes Region
Rich Fur Trade Weapons to Indians Anthony Wayne defeats Indians at Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) Treaty of Greenville (1795) Gave up lands in the Ohio Territory British ships harass and seize American merchant ships Impressment & Imprisonment Negotiate with the British, Hands were tied Pay damages for ships Leave Posts, but little else (Jeffersonians outraged) Pinckneys Treaty (1795) Spain gives up control of Mississippi R. & Florida Washington with some controversy after two terms

Jays Treaty (1794)

8. John Adams Presidency

Election of 1796
Adams wins narrowly over Jefferson Jefferson becomes V.P., Changed by 12th Amendment Adams snobby, rich aristocrat French upset by Americas lack of support Harassing ships Sent Negotiators to France to meet Talleyrand (French Official) Sent agents X,Y & Z, wanted loans and a bribe to talk with Talleyrand Federalists pushed for war Military Preparations (Navy Expanded, Marines Established Some sea conflicts, but no fighting Convention of 1800, peace with France

XYZ Affair

9. Threat to Liberties
Immigration
Feds not supportive Citizenship from 5 years to 14 years

Alien & Sedition Acts

A series of four acts enacted in 1798 to reduce the political power of recent immigrants to the United States Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Jefferson and Madison wrote as a response to the Alien and Sedition Acts

10. Feds vs Anti-Feds

Chart on page 208