Amplifier parameter

Amplifier takes a relative small power input control signal controls and provides much larger power output into a load. Input power A. The control signal (low power) B. The energy source (high power) Gain The gain of an amplifier is the ratio of the magnitude of the out put signal to that of the magnitude of input signal

Amplifier parameter
Band width(pass band) The separation between the two frequencies at which the power gain has fallen to half midband power gain (equivalent the voltage gain falling to 0.707 of the mid-band voltage gain.) Input impedance This is the impedance offered by the amplifier to the input signal .Zin

Amplifier parameter
Output impedance When an amplifier delivers its output signal to the load it appears to be acting as a generator of the internal impedance Zout Audio frequency (AF) amplifier Amplification of signal in the frequency range of 20 Hz to 20 KHz. Video amplifier A video amplifier is capable of faithful amplification if signals over a wide frequency range from about 20 Hz to 6 MHz

Amplifier parameter
Radio frequency (RF) amplifier Radio frequency amplifiers are used any where in the frequency range 20 KHz to 30 GHz. Radio frequency amplifiers are used to amplify radio frequency before radiated to a transmitting aerial and also to amplify the weak received signal Direct coupled (DC) amplifiers DC amplifiers, like video amplifiers are wide band,specially for low frequency . Amplifier in cascade When one amplifier is insufficient to give the required two or more amplifiers are used in cascade.

Amplifier parameter
The bel Power gain in bels = Log10 Signal power out Signal power in Power gain in decibels = 10 Log10 Signal power out Signal power in

Amplifier parameter
Speech Amplifier Audio frequency amplifiers are used to amplify speech frequencies, the upper audible limit being about 18 KHz Action of Re and Ce Higher degree of temperature stabilization, using extra component such as diodes or thermistors

Amplifier parameter
R-C coupling Stage of amplification is required; the output of one stage must be applied to the input of the next stage. Class A amplifier A class a push-pull amplifier can therefore produce twice the power output of a single ended stage with a lower level of distortion

Amplifier parameter
Class B push-pull In class B operation, the active device is biased approximately at cut-off Basic RF amplifier Baseband frequencies are unsuitable for radio transmission .Modulation is carried out for transmission.A radio frequency amplifier is designed to amplify only the carrier frequency or a narrow band of frequencies on either a side if the carrier frequency

Amplifier parameter
Class C bias In order to maintain the oscillation, all that is necessary is ensure that the losses in the tuned circuit area restored, by regular input from the power supply via The collector current . short current pulses during positive peaks

Amplifier parameter
Transformer coupling Transformer coupling is preferred for a number if reason Matching is easily achieved by adjusting turns ratio Stray capacitances can easily be incorporated in the tuned circuit band-pass response van be achieved by adjusting the tightness of circuits

Amplifier parameter
Frequency multiplication The tuned collector load can be arranged to have a resonance frequency of twice or three times the frequency of the input signal by harmonics General principles If the signal fed back is in anti phase to the input signal, the feedback is negative. Positive feedback increases the gain and can cause oscillation

ASP
Output impedance The effects of applying negative feedback to an amplifier may be summerised as follows The gain Is decreased The gain stability is increased The bandwidth is increased Distortion and noise produced within the feedback loop is decreased The input and output impedance are altered, the factor (1+BA)

ASP
Moving coil telephone A telephone is a transducer which converts electrical energy into sound energy Loudspeaker performance The minimum power to operate a moving coil loudspeaker is about 50 mV. The impedance of moving coil is low, usually value being 3 ohm, 5 ohm, 8 ohm, 10ohm and 15 ohm.

ASP
Service selection This provider the means for the flight crew to communicate with the ground stations, each ASP operating quite independently of the others. Flight interphone This permits the flight deck crew to communicate with each other. Cabin interphone This is allows the flight and cabin crews to communicate with each other.

ASP
Service interphone This provides the ground crew with the means to talk directly with each other and to communicate with flight or cabin crews at the same time. A call system is usually included to attract the necessary attention. In some aircraft all the interphone systems may operate through a single amplifier unit, though individual amplifiers are used.

ASP
Passenger address or cabin address This permits both cabin crew and flight deck crew to communicate to the passengers; usually a priority system of communication is included. Passenger entertainment In a simple system this provides taped music to the passengers. In large aircraft, e.g. Boeing 747, in-flight movies as well as music are provided. Emergency switch on ASP for To bypass isolation amplifier to the headsets or loudspeakers and To bypass the normal PTT and mic relays to the selected panel

ASP
Transmitter selection These switches permit the selection of a single transmitter, one per ASP, normally annotated VHF1: VHF2: VHF3: HF1: HF2: PA When used it connects the PTT and microphone lines to the selected facility, usually via relays. Receiver selection These switches permit the selection of the radio receivers. Unlike the transmitter selection, as many receivers as desired, may be selected to be listened to simultaneously.

ASP
Isolation Amplifier Sometimes referred to as the isolation amplifier, this provides a measure of gain to the received signals, in order to overcome the attenuation effects of 'anticrosstalk' isolation. The amplifier may be fitted externally in a separate unit. Normal-emergency switch This is included to provide service selection in the event of either an isolation amplifier failure or other malfunction in normal operation.

ASP
Voice range filter These are used to provide a notch filter at 1020 Hz on both ADF and VOR operation reducing the 1020 Hz on voice and increasing it on range Volume control Permits the aircrew to adjust the volume to a suitable level in the earphones or cockpit loudspeaker.

ASP
Differences between light and large aircraft PA system Light aircraft systems usually have only two speakers. Large aircraft systems usually have approximately 30-50 speakers. Light aircraft have no priority switching, whereas large aircraft do. Light aircraft use separate speakers for passenger entertainment. Large aircraft use same speakers for announcements and entertainment.

ASP
Input and priority Flight crew announcements Cabin crew announcements Prerecorded announcements In-flight movie and music Boarding music In the event of an emergency any message input will assume the highest input priority.

ASPs control Single ASPs control passenger address in light aircraft

ASP
Fail safe "Fail safe" provision in transmitter service selection is arranged to ensure that if the relay, transistor or other component fails then the failed path always connects the mic and PTT lines to the service ASPs control Single ASPs control passenger address in light aircraft

Communication System

Types of modulation Amplitude modulation(AM) Frequency modulation(FM) Phase modulation Pulse modulation VHF Comms and HF Comms - AM

Communication System
Power in modulated wave v2 RL M= peak value of envelop Peak value of unmodulated Carrier Advantages of SSB over DSB Power saving Bandwidth reduction

 Speech modulation Speech modulation shows varying amplitudes of any frequency components of speech superimposed on a 500 KHz carrier or on the final selected RF. Increased power The increased power in the side bands depends upon the modulation index m

Communication System
Ionosphere effect Low and medium frequencies, LF and MF, are rapidly absorbed but will follow the earths curvature if enough power is available High frequencies, HF, may be bent or refracted by the various ionosphere layers so that the signals come back to earth, where they are reflected back to the ionosphere, to give multiple hop communications using medium power

Communication System
Very high frequencies, VHF and above, travel in a straight line (line of sight) and are not much affected by the ionosphere. Power output Pc + Pboth SBs PUSB only