CONCEPTUAL DESIGN:

UML CLASS DIAGRAM

RELATIONSHIPS

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 A Simplified Object-Oriented
Systems Analysis & Conceptual Design Methodology
Activities
1.Identify the information system’s purpose

2.Identify the information system’s actors and features

3.Identify Use Cases and create a Use Case Diagram

4.Identify Objects and their Classes and create a Class Diagram

5.Create Interaction/Scenario Diagrams

6.Create Detail Logic for Operations

7.Repeat activities 1-6 as required to refine the “blueprints”

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 Objects

•Objects have three responsibilities:

✔What they know about themselves – (e.g., Attributes)
✔ What they do – (e.g., Operations)
✔What they know about other objects – (e.g., Relationships)

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 Defining Class
A CLASS is a template (specification, blueprint)
for a collection of objects that share a common
set of attributes and operations.

HealthClubMember
Class attributes
operations

Objects

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 •Relationships
A RELATIONSHIP is what a class or an object
knows about another class or object.

✔Generalization (Class-to-Class) (Superclass/Subclass)

•Inheritance
Four Types

•Ex: Person - FacultyPerson, StudentPerson, Staff...

•Ex: ModesOfTravel - Airplane, Train, Auto, Cycle, Boat...
✔[Object] Associations
•FacultyInformation - CourseInformation
•StudentInformation - CourseInformation
✔[Object] Aggregations & Composition (Whole-Part)
•Assembly - Parts
•Group - Members
•Container - Contents
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 • Relationships
Exist to:
1) show relationships 2) enforce integrity 3) help produce results

In this example:
•Removal of a University
Course should also
UniversityCourse remove Students that are
in the Course but not
Student Information.
•
StudentInformation 1 •Removal of a Student
should also remove the
Courses that the Student
0,m is in but not the University
Course.
1 StudentInCourse •
•Removal of a Student in a
0,m Course should not affect
either University Course or
Student Information.

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 UML Class Diagram Notation 1 of 2

Class

{
Member
memberNumber Expanded view of a
firstName
lastName Class into its three
attributes telephone sections:
address
city Top: Class Name
etc... Middle: attributes

{
checkOutVideo Bottom: operations
operations checkInVideo
buyItem
etc...

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 UML Class Diagram Notation 2 of 2

Class
Generalization
Relationship

Object Object
Aggregation Composition
Object Association Association Association

n n 1..* 1

0..* 0..*

Will always be “1”

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Class Diagram Relationships
■ Class

• Generalization

■ Object

• Association

• Aggregation

• Composition

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Generalization (Class-to-Class) (superclass – subclass; supertype – subtype)
■ A Generalization follows a “is a” or “is a kind of” heuristic from a
specialization class to the generalization class. (e.g., student “is a”
person, video “is a kind of” inventory).
■ Common attributes, operations and relationships are located in the
generalization class and are inherited by the specialization classes
■ Unique attributes, operations and relationships are located in the
specialization classes.
■ Inherited attributes and operations may be overridden or enhanced in
the specialization class depending on programming language
support.
■ Inherited operations in the specialization classes may be
polymorphic.
■ Only use when objects do NOT “transmute” (add, copy, delete)
■ Multiple inheritance is allowed in the UML but can complicate the
class model’s understanding and implementation (e.g., C++
supports but Java and Smalltalk do not).

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 Generalization Example
Others:
<<abstract>> •Transactions
Role •Things
attributes •Places
operations •Etc...

Faculty Student Staff Visitor

attributes attributes attributes attributes

operations operations operations operations

Note: <<abstract>> = no objects

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 Poor Generalization Example
(violates the “is a” or “is a kind of” heuristic)

Person
attributes
operations

Arm Leg Head

attributes attributes attributes

operations operations operations

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 Generalization Inheritance Generalization

a1
a2
Generalization a3
a1 o1
a2 o2
a3 One-Way
Common o3
o1 Inheritance
o2 from the
o3 Generalization Specialization

to the a1
Specialization a2
a3
Specialization a4
a4 a5
a5 a6
a6
Unique o1
o4 o2
o5 o3
o6 o4
o5
(a = attribute; o = operation) o6
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Generalization - Multiple Inheritance
Generalization1 Generalization2
a1 a2
a2 a4
a3 a5

o3 o1
o4 o2
o5 o3

Specialization
a6
a7 a1
a8 a2 (which one?)
inherited attributes a3
a4
o6
o1 a5
o7
o2 o8
(which one?) o3 inherited operations
o4
o5
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 UML Generalization Notation
Note

Useful text
Supertype

discriminator

Subtype 1 Subtype 2

Note: Supertype = Superclass; Subtype = Subclass

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Generalization - Multiple Classification

Discriminator
Doctor

Female
role
<<abstract
>> Nurse
Gender Person
Male {complete} patient
Physical-
#1 therapist
Patient
#3
#2 16
Rational Rose Class Diagram Example
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Associations
■Relationships between instances (objects)
of classes
■Conceptual:
•associations can have two roles (bi-
directional):
–source --> target
–target --> source
•roles have multiplicity (e.g., cardinality,
constraints)
•To restrict navigation to one direction only,
an arrowhead is used to indicate the
navigation direction
■No inheritance as in generalizations
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 Object Association Relationship Patterns
b) Object Whole
attributes
Aggregation operations
Associations
Class A x x
attributes x
operations
x x x x

Part1 Part2 PartN

x attributes
attributes attributes
Class B operations operations operations
attributes
operations

c) Object Whole
attributes
Composition operations
Class A x Class B Associations
attributes attributes (y may not be “1”) 1 1
operations x operations 1

y y y
a) Object Associations
Part1 Part2 PartN
attributes attributes attributes
operations operations operations

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Associations

role B
Class A Class B
role A

Example:

Employee
Company Person
Employer

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Multiplicities
1
Class exactly one

0..* many
Class (zero or more)

0..1 optional
Class (zero or one)

m..n numerically
Class specified
Example:

0..*
CourseOfferin
Course
1 g
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Aggregation & Composition
•Aggregation (shared aggregation):
•is a specialized form of ASSOCIATION in
which a whole is related to its part(s).
•is known as a “part of” or containment
relationship and follows the “has a” heuristic
•three ways to think about aggregations:
•whole-parts
•container-contents
•group-members
•Composition (composite aggregation):
•is a stronger version of AGGREGATION
•the “part(s)” may belong to only ONE whole
•the part(s) are usually expected to “live” and
“die” with the whole (“cascading delete”)
•Aggregation vs. Composition vs. Association???

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 Aggregation Composition

Faculty SalesOrder

(team-teaching 1..* 1
is possible)

0..* 1..*
CourseTeaching SalesOrderLineItem

(another: assembly --> part) (another: hand --> finger)

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Composition
✔Composition is often used in place of
Generalization (inheritance) to avoid
“transmuting” (adding, copying, and deleting of
objects)
Person
{abstract} 1
Person FacultyRole
0..1
1
Faculty Student 0..1
StudentRole

FacultyStudent

Note: Attributes may need to be considered to more-fully understand

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Association, Aggregation and Composition

Template/Pattern Example

w
Whole 1 w
Whole 2 w
3 w
4

0..*

p
p 6
0..* p 5
p 4
p
Part p 2 3
Part 1

(association, aggregation &

composition look the same)

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 Multiplicity Example #1

Whole

3
1
5 2
Part1 PartN

•One Whole is associated with 5 •One Whole is associated with 2 PartN

Part1 •One PartN is associated with 3 Whole
•One Part1 is associated with 1
Whole
P
P W
P
W P P P W
P W
P
W W
P

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 Multiplicity Example #2
Class1

max. 1 2..5
min.
1..n
0..*
Class2 Class3

1..n * 2..5 C1
C2 1 C1 C3
C3
C1
C2 C3 C1
C2 C2 C1 C3
C1 C1
C3
C2 C1
C2 C3

etc... etc...
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 Multiplicity Example #3

FacultyInformation StudentInformation

1 0..* 1 1 1

1..* 0..*
0..*
DegreeHeld CommitteeAssign
CourseCompleted

0..* 0..*
CourseTeach ClubMember

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 “many-to-many” multiplicity
StudentInformation CourseInformation
0..*
attributes attributes
operations 0..* operations

Becomes either

StudentInformation CourseInformation StudentInformation CourseInformation

0..*
attributes attributes attributes attributes
0..*
operations operations operations operations

1 1
0..* 0..*

StudentCourseInformation Attributes that StudentCourseInformation

represent the SemesterTaken
SemesterTaken
GradeEarned “union” of the GradeEarned
two classes are
operations operations
located in this
“association”
class.
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Reflexive Association Relationships
Objects within the same class have a
relationship with each other.

Course
0..*

is pre-requisite for

0..*
has pre-requisite of

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 Video Store – UML Class Diagram
1 1
Inventory

SaleItem RentalItem

Video Game ConcessionItem VCR

0..* 0..*
Transaction Employee StoreLocation
1 1

SaleTransaction RentalTransaction Suplier

1 0..* 0..* 1 1
0..1 1 0..*
Member PurchaseOrder
1..* 1..* 1
SaleRentalLineItem 1..*
0..*
0..* PurchaseOrderLineItem
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QUITTING TIME

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