HISTOLOGY

By: Annabel Lapuz-Carungin, MD, RMT, PT, RN, RM, MAN

Study of tissues Tissues are collections of similar cells and the extracellular matrix surrounding them The four primary tissue types are 1. Epithelial tissue 2. Connective tissue 3. Muscle tissue 4. Nervous tissue

Embryonic Tissue
Primary tissue types are derived from the embryonic germ layers
Endoderm
Forms the lining of the digestive tract and its derivatives

Mesoderm
Forms tissues such as muscle, bone, and blood vessels

Ectoderm
Forms the outermost layer of skin and the nervous system

Gives rise to all tissues of the body

Epithelial Tissue
Epithelial tissue
Covers surfaces Has little extracellular material Usually has a basement membrane Has no blood vessels

Epithelial cells
Have a free, or apical, surface (not attached to other cells) A lateral surface (attached to other cells) A basal surface (attached to the basement membrane)

Fig. 4.1

Epithelial Tissue Functions

1. Protecting underlying structures
Example: outer layer of skin and oral mucosa

2. Acting as barriers
Example: outer layer of skin

3. Permitting the passage of substances

Example: epithelium in the lungs

4. Secreting substances
Example: mucous glands and sweat glands

5. Absorbing substances
Example: epithelial cells of the intestine

Epithelial Tissue Classification

Epithelia are classified according to the number of cell layers and the shape of the cells
Cell layers
Simple epithelium has one layer of cells Stratified epithelium has more than one cell layer Pseudostratified epithelium has one layer, but appears to have two or more layers Transitional epithelium is stratified epithelium that can be greatly stretched Squamous are flat and thin Cuboidal are cubelike Columnar are tall and thin

Cell shape

Tab. 4.1a

Tab. 4.1b

Tab. 4.1c

Tab. 4.1d

Tab. 4.2a

Tab. 4.2b

Tab. 4.2c

Tab. 4.2d

Epithelial Tissue Structural and Functional Relationships

Cell Layers and Cell Shapes
Simple epithelium is involved with
Diffusion Secretion Absorption

Stratified epithelium serves a protective role Squamous cells function in

Diffusion Filtration

Cuboidal or columnar cells, which contain cellular organelles

Secrete Absorb

Epithelial Tissue Structural and Functional Relationships Structural and Functional Relationships
Free Cell Surfaces
A smooth, free surface reduces friction
Example: Lining of blood vessels

Microvilli are cylindrical extensions of the cell membrane that increase surface area (cells involved in absorption of secretion)
Example: Lining of the small intestines

Cilia propel materials over the cell surface

Example: Lining of the nasal cavity and trachea

Epithelial Tissue Structural and Functional Relationships

Cell connections
Tight junctions bind adjacent cells together and form a permeability barrier Desmosomes mechanically bind cells together Hemidesmosomes mechanically bind cells to the basement membrane Gap junctions allow intercellular communication

Fig. 4.2

Epithelial Tissue Glands

A gland is a single cell or a multicellular structure that secretes
Endocrine glands do not have ducts
Secrete hormones directly into the blood Secretions are released onto a surface or into a cavity
Sweat glands and mammary glands

Exocrine glands have ducts

Classified by
Structure How products leave the cell

Epithelial Tissue Glands

Structure of Exocrine Glands
Simple: have one duct Compound: have ducts that branch repeatedly Tubules: ducts end in small tubes Acini: ducts end in saclike structures Alveoli: ducts end in hollow sacs

Fig. 4.3

Epithelial Tissue Glands

Exocrine Glands and Secretion Types
Merocrine no loss of cellular material (Ex. sweat glands) Apocrine part of the cell pinches off (Ex. mammary glands) Holocrine entire cell is shed (Ex. sebaceous glands)

Fig. 4.4

Connective Tissue
Consist of cells seperated from each other by abundant extracellular matrix Functions
1. Enclosing and separating 2. Connecting tissues to one another (Ex. Ligaments and Tendons) 3. Supporting and moving (Ex. Bones and cartilage) 4. Storing (Ex. Adipose tissue and Bones) 5. Cushioning and insulating (Ex. Adipose tissue) 6. Transporting (Ex. Blood) 7. Protecting (Ex. Blood and Bones)

Connective Tissue Cells

Specialized cells of various connective tissues produce the extra cellular matrix
End in suffixes that identify the cell functions
Blast (germ) cells form the matrix Cyte (cell) cells maintain it Clast (break) cells break it down

Connective Tissue
Extracellular matrix contains
Protein fibers
Collagen fibers are flexible but resist stretching Reticular fibers form a fiber network Elastic fibers recoil Proteoglycans in ground substance hold water, enabling connective tissues to return to their original shape after being compressed

Ground substance

Fluid

Connective Tissue Classification

Mesenchyme:
embryonic connective tissue that gives rise to six major categories of connective tissue

Connective Tissue Classification

Loose, or areolar, connective tissue is the loose packing material of the body
Fills the spaces between organs Holds organs in place

Adipose tissue (fat)

Stores energy Pads and protects parts of the body Acts as a thermal insulator

Dense connective tissue consists of a matrix containing densely packed fibers

Collagen fibers (Ex. tendons, ligaments, and dermis of the skin) Elastic fibers (Ex. elastic ligaments and in the walls of arteries)

Connective Tissue Classification

Cartilage provides support
Hyaline cartilage (Ex. covers ends of bones and forms costal cartilages) Fibrocartilage (Ex. disks between vertebrae) Elastic cartilage (Ex. external ear)

Bone has a mineralized matrix

forms most of the skeleton of the body
Compact bone has more matrix than spaces Cancellous bone has more spaces then matrix

Blood has a liquid matrix

Found in blood vessels Produced in hemopoietic tissue (red bone marrow)

Tab. 4.4

Tab. 4.5a

Tab. 4.5b

Tab. 4.5c

Tab. 4.5d

Tab. 4.6a

Tab. 4.6b

Tab. 4.7a

Tab. 4.7b

Tab. 4.7c

Tab. 4.8

Tab. 4.9

Muscle Tissue
Specialized to contract, or shorten, making movement possible
Length of muscle cells is greater than the diameter Sometimes called muscle fibers because they often resemble tiny threads

Three types of muscle tissue

Skeletal
Meat of animals Constitutes ~40% of a persons body weight Attaches to the skeleton and allows for movement Voluntary, multinucleated, and striated (banded)

Cardiac
Muscle of the heart Connected to one another by intercalated disks (contain gap junctions) Involuntary, striated, and usually have one nucleus per cell

Smooth
Forms the walls of hollow organs (except the heart) and also is found in the skin and the eyes Involuntary, not striated, and have a single nucleus

Tab. 4.10a

Tab. 4.10b

Tab. 4.10c

Nervous Tissue
Nervous tissue is specialized to conduct action potentials (electrical signals) Neurons conduct action potentials Neuroglia support the neurons

Tab. 4.11

Membranes
Mucous membranes line cavities that open to the outside of the body
Digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts Contain glands Secrete mucus

Serous membranes line trunk cavities that do not open to the outside of the body
pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities Do Not contain glands Secrete serous fluid

Synovial membranes line freely movable joints

Fig. 4.5