Next Generation (NextG)

Wireless Networks

7/2/2004
Farid Farahmand
Outline
 Description of wireless networks
 Wireless network evolution
 Wireless key technologies
 Current researches
Wireless Networks
 Motivated by people-on-the-go
 PCs availability, Internet usage, Mobile life
 Aimed is to establish wide-area voice
data communications
 Includes mobile systems (cellular
telecommunication systems)
Wireless Network Evolution
 First generation (1G): Analog voice systems
 No standardization
 Second Generation (2G): Digital voice systems
 Currently deployed systems
 CDMA, GSM (Global System for Mobile communication), PDC
(Japan) D-AMPS (Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System)
 PCS Systems
 Second Generation – advanced (2.5G): Combining voice and
data communications
 Providing enhanced data rate
 Two basic technologies:
 GSM-based (high baud rate)
 GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
 Utilizes voice time slots to send packet traffic
 An overlay over the existing voice system
 Should really be called 2.1G!!
 Any standards?
Wireless Network Evolution
 Third Generation (3G): Digital voice and
data communications
 Developing a more general mobile network
 Handling Internet access, email, messaging,
multimedia
 Access to any services (voice, video, data, etc.)
 Requires high quality transmission
 Forth Generation (4G): All-IP mobile
networks
 Ubiquitous wireless communications
 Transparent to any services
 Integrating multinetworks
Third Generation (3G)
 Two basic proposals to handle voice and data
 Ericsson: Universal Mobile Telecommunications systems (UMTS)
 Compatible with European GSM
 Backed by ETSI and Japan
 Qualcom: CDM2000
 Not compatible with GSM (cannot hand off called to GSM-based cells)
 Compatible for IS-95 (supported by U.S)
 3G Standards
 1999 UMTS took over and an agreement was made over setting some
standards
 A revolutionary technology with unlimited potential or not so great?
 Major competing technologies
 Bluethood
 Wireless LAN (IEEE 802.x standards) – also known as WiFi
 Short range wireless communications
 Highly utilized and very popular: offices, airports, coffee shops, universities and
schools
 Two basic modes of operations:
 Ad-hoc networking: computers send data to one another
 Access point:: sending data to the base station
 Forth Generation Wireless Networks
 Otherwise known as NextG, Beyond 3G, 4G, and more!
 Motivation
 Providing all available services to highly mobile people (anytime anywhere)
 Use your wireless device anywhere for listening to music, shopping (m-commerce) ,
downloading (file transfer), watching video (live streaming)
 Multiple applications (talk and use Internet services at the same time)
 Objectives
 Total convergence of the wireless mobile and wireless access communications
(developing a broadband wireless network)
 Ubiquitous wireless communications and services
 Integration of multi-networks using IP technology
 Similar technology to the wired Internet where users are freed from their local
networks
 All-IP based wireless networks
 Not just IP end-to-end but over-the-air packet switching
 Supporting native wireless IP mode
 Highly integrated
 High bandwidth / high-speed wireless
 Highly compatible with wired network infrastructures
 ATM, IP, ATM
4G Technology Challenges
 Supporting heterogeneous multitude of systems
 Includes multiple networks:
 Cellular telecommunication systems
 Digital video broadband
 Digital audio broadband
 Wireless LAB, Bluethood-based networks
 Open communication network: infrastructure independent which can access to any
services and applications (now and in the future!)
 Complete compatibility between wireless and wired networks through gateways
 Supporting statistical multiplexing of heterogeneous data over-the-air
 Latency, noisy environment, unpredictable discontinuities and loss, etc.
 High-speed wireless transmission over the air
 High performance physical layer
 20Mbps (2G: 28Kbps, 3G: 2Mbps)
 Scarce bandwidth availability
 Efficient frequency spectrum utilization
 Efficient hand off
 Dynamic bandwidth allocation
 Advanced digital transmission technology (modulation, low power devices, etc.)
4G Key Issues - Research Areas
 IP Addressing
 Mobile IPv6 protocol provides unbroken connectivity between mobile nodes
 Architecture
 Horizontal communications between different access technologies using gateways
 Including local-area access technology (3G only covers wide-area packet switched cellular
technology)
 Hand off
 Fast hand off due to high-speed transmission
 High reliability
 QoS framework
 Interoperability between wireless and wired networks
 QoS classes: Conversational (most delay sensitive), streaming, interactive, background
(least delay sensitive)
 Fair bandwidth allocation
 Class-based QoS over the air
 4G Key Issues - Research Areas
 Security and billing
 Essential in e-commerce
 More than just authentication and encryption (as in 3G)
 End-to-end security mechanisms between the Internet server (wired) and the mobile
terminal
 No translation and decomposition of the data at the gateways
 Usage fee
 Volume based or time-based?
 TCP performance in wireless / mobile communications
 Research shows unmodified standard TCP is not well aligned with cellular boundaries
 New protocols have been developed: Snoop, Split connections, other end-to-end protocol
families
 Using Snoop agent the exchange of TCP packets and ACKs are monitored and performs local
retransmissions as needed (OBS-like!)
 Split-connections deals with wireless and wired network inconsistencies (gateways, translations,
etc.)
 Two separate connections between fixed and mobile hosts
 End-to-end protocols deal with retransmission timeout causing the TCP window to shrink too often
 QoS-enabled MAC Protocol-
Scheduling Problem
 Mac protocols:
 Wirelines: FIFO, Generalized Processor Sharing (GPS)
 Wireless: Random Access Protocols
 Voice-based MAC protocols don’t work well for multimedia applications
 No packet ordering is supported, no fair packet loss sharing
 Multimedia traffic exhibit highly bursty traffic rates
 Each class of traffic has a QoS requirement and traffic rate characteristics
 A new MAC protocol with fair packet loss sharing scheduling for 4G is proposed
 Assumes time-division/code-division multiple access wireless system with IP transmission
 Objective (conflicting):
 support as many users as possible (high channel utilization),
 dropped packets between all users are shared fairly
 Basic Idea:
 Allocate minimum amount of resources to satisfy the QoS requirements
 Maximize the total number of scheduled packets
 How to calculate the number of packets dropped:
 Give enough BW to meet the QoS guaranteed level, drop the rest
 Maximize the number of packets sent: bin-packing problem

Pack
Blocks Bins
IP Pkts Time Slots
Class-based QoS over Air
Interface in 4G
 Basic characteristics:
 Flexible (support various services)
 Effective (easy negotiation mechanism to handle QoS over air)
 Basic Idea:
 Check congestion over the air
 When congestion occurs, users with lower QoS have to back off their
transmission rate
 The extent of the back off depends on the class it belongs to
 Basic problem is possible under-utilization
 Supports any number of QoS classes based on the specified
resource assignment for each class

QoS Over Air

Internet
Wireless
Bkbone