Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Television
Digital Television (DTV)
High Definition TV (HDTV) Began transmission in 1999 All stations on the air in 2009 Old NTSC (analog) signal is no longer transmitted National Television System Committee
(NTSC)
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Figure 17-1 The (a) HDTV screen ratio and (b) NTSC screen ratio format, shown for comparison.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
(ATSC)
Came up with 16 by 9 format Also defined standard definition television (SDTV)
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Video Signal
ITU-R 601 4:2:2 format
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Video Signal
Luminance [Y]:Red-luminance [R-Y]:Blue-luminance [B-Y] 4 2 2 Video signal composed of red, green, and blue (RGB) Luminance is the black and white detail Y, R-Y, and B-Y are converted to digital signal using Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) at 3.375 MHz base rate. 10-bit sampling is used Luminance is sampled at 4 times the base rate Red-luminance and Blue-luminance at 2 times the base rate They are time-division-multiplexed (TDM) together at 270 Mbps
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Video Signal
Channel Sample Rate Bit Rate Luminance Channel 4 X 3.375 MHz = 13.5 MHz x 10 bits/sample = 135 Mbps R-Y channel 2 X 3.375 MHz = 6.75 MHz x 10 bits/sample = 67.5 Mbps B-Y channel 2 X 3.375 MHz = 6.75 MHz x 10 bits/sample = 67.5 Mbps Serial data bit rate of 270 Mbps = 135 + 67.5 + 67.5 MPEG2 is used for data compression to fit in 6 MHz bandwidth Motion Pictures Expert Group (MPEG)
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Audio Signal
Digital Audio Compression (AC-3) developed by Dolby
Laboratories Provides five full-bandwidth audio channels (3 Hz to 20 kHz) Left, center, right, and left-right surround-sound channels Also one low-frequency enhancement channel at 3 Hz to 120 Hz 5.1 Channel Input (5 full and 1 reduced) 6 channels are multiplexed together to 5.184 Mbps Compressed to 384 kbps
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Transmission
8VSB 8level vestigial-sideband modulator I (In-phase) and Q (Quadrature) Exciter has 6 parts
Frame synchronizer to synchronize the MPEG2 data packets Data randomizer to make data appear random to make the RF spectrum be flat across the channel so data will fit in 6 MHz bandwidth REED Solomon Encoder for error correction Data Interleaver interleaves data to reduce interference Trellis Encoder more error correction Pilot/Sync Insertion
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Figure 17-3 (a) The 8VSB and (b) the 64-QAM constellations. (Courtesy of Harris Broadcast.)
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Figure 17-12 The display of the 8VSB constellation and the 8VSB eye diagram as displayed in the modulation detail screen.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Video Signal
Horizontal Retrace - Time to move from
end of one line back to start of next lower line Vertical Flyback or retrace time to move from bottom line to the start of the top line FCC stipulates that NTSC broadcasts have 525 horizontal scanning lines. 40 lines are lost as result of vertical retrace interval, so only 485 visible lines
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
human eye does not perceive difference Interlaced scanning is used to trick the eye.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
lines Horizontal sync between every line of video signal Horizontal sync for each of 525 lines in 1/30 second So 525 X 30 = 15.75 kHz is frequency of pulses
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Figure 17-32 Nonlinear horizontal scanning. (From Bernard Grob, Basic Television Principles and Servicing, 4th ed., 1977; Courtesy of McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York.)
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
28-Sep
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Composite video
Composite video is the format of an
analog television (picture only) signal before it is combined with a sound signal and modulated onto an RF carrier Contains four information groups
Video Brightness information Horizontal Line Sync Vertical Line Sync Sound (Audio)
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Composite Video
A composite video signal combines on one wire the
video information required to recreate a color picture, as well as line and frame synchronization pulses. The color video signal is a linear combination of the luminance of the picture, and a modulated subcarrier carries the chrominance or color information. Chrominance is a combination of hue and saturation. Hue is a pure color like red, green, or blue without tint. Saturation is the amplitude of a given color Tint is the shade of a color
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Composite Video
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Color TV
Color TV started in 1953
by interleaving
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Color Camera
Uses 3 cameras in one one for each color Red, Green, Blue 3 cameras scan in unison Can create any color with these 3 primary colors
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
transmitter processing circuit called the matrix Creates the Y (luminance) and the chroma or color signal (I and Q) Y signal has proportions of Red, Green, and Blue to create a monochrome signal for use on Black/White screens. The I and Q signals will contain the color information.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
To build a jumbo TV, you take thousands of these LED modules and arrange them in a rectangular grid. For example, the grid might contain 640 by 480 LED modules, or 307,200 modules. The computer system looks at the incoming TV signal and decides which LEDs it will turn on and how brightly. The computer samples the intensity and color signals and translates them into intensity information for the three different LED colors at each pixel module.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Plasma TV
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
What is Plasma?
The central element in a fluorescent light is a plasma, a
gas made up of free-flowing ions (electrically charged atoms) and electrons (negatively charged particles). In a plasma with an electrical current running through it, negatively charged particles are rushing toward the positively charged area of the plasma, and positively charged particles are rushing toward the negatively charged area. In this mad rush, particles are constantly bumping into each other. These collisions excite the gas atoms in the plasma, causing them to release photons of energy.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Plasma TV
To ionize the gas in a particular cell, the plasma display's computer charges the electrodes that intersect at that cell. It does this thousands of times in a small fraction of a second, charging each cell in turn.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Plasma TV
When the intersecting electrodes are charged (with a voltage difference between them), an electric current flows through the gas in the cell. The current creates a rapid flow of charged particles, which stimulates the gas atoms to release ultraviolet photons. The released ultraviolet photons interact with phosphor material coated on the inside wall of the cell. Phosphors are substances that give off light when they are exposed to other light. When an ultraviolet photon hits a phosphor atom in the cell, one of the phosphor's electrons jumps to a higher energy level and the atom heats up. When the electron falls back to its normal level, it releases energy in the form of a visible light photon.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
LCD Screens
http://www.howstuffworks.com/lcd.htm
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
LCD
The combination of four facts makes LCDs
possible: Light can be polarized. Liquid crystals can transmit and change polarized light. The structure of liquid crystals can be changed by electric current. There are transparent substances that can conduct electricity.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
crystal molecules, they untwist. When they straighten out, they change the angle of the light passing through them so that it no longer matches the angle of the top polarizing filter. Consequently, no light can pass through that area of the LCD, which makes that area darker than the surrounding areas
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Digital TV
Aspect ratio - Standard television has a 4:3 aspect ratio -- it is four units wide by three units high. HDTV has a 16:9 aspect ratio, more like a movie screen. Resolution - The lowest standard resolution (SDTV) will be about the same as analog TV and will go up to 704 x 480 pixels. The highest HDTV resolution is 1920 x 1080 pixels. HDTV can display about ten times as many pixels as an analog TV set. Frame rate - A set's frame rate describes how many times it creates a complete picture on the screen every second. DTV frame rates usually end in "i" or "p" to denote whether they are interlaced or progressive. DTV frame rates range from 24p (24 frames per second, progressive) to 60p (60 frames per second, progressive).
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
When you hear someone mention a "1080i" HDTV set, they're talking about one that has a native resolution of 1920 x 1080 pixels and can display 60 frames per second, interlaced.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Enhanced Audio
Zenith / dbx
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Figure 17-43 The Electronics WorkbenchTM Multisim circuit used to simulate the frequency spectra for a UHF television signal.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Figure 17-44 The Electronics WorkbenchTM simulation of the frequency spectra for a channel 22 television signal.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Figure 17-45 The Electronics WorkbenchTM Multisim circuit of a high-Q bandstop circuit, or wavetrap.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Figure 17-46 The Bode plotter output for the wavetrap filter.
Modern Electronic Communication 9th edition Jeffrey S. Beasley and Gary M. Miller
Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.