Regulation of Blood

Sugar
Pancreas exerts most control
over glucose concentration in
blood by the secretion of 2
peptide hormones:

3.Insulin
4.Glucagon
Anatomy & Histology of the
Pancreas
• 2 states of nutrient usage:
– Absorptive: nutrients
absorbed from intestine
& into cells
– Post-Absorptive:
nutrients NOT entering
body & must be made
available from body
stores
 ROLE OF INSULIN
Regulates entry of glucose &
amino acids into cells
Released from β-cells in Islets
of Langerhans in Pancreas
 FEEDBACK LOOPS
INCR.
ISLET β-CELLS AMINO
CCK ACIDS
INCR.
GLUCOSE

INSULIN

LIPASE
ACTIVATED
CELLULAR
UPTAKE
CATABOLIC ANABOLIC SYSTEMS
ENZYMES ENZYMES ACTIVATED
INHIBITED GLYCOGEN STIMULATE
INHIBITED D
 RELEASE OF INSULIN
High blood glucose & amino acid levels
stimulate the release from pancreas
Hormone CCK and Parasympathetic
Nervous System also stimulates
release

High carb diets increase the density of

insulin receptors on β-cells making
them more sensitive to change

Low carb diets do the opposite

 EFFECTS OF INSULIN
Generally increases the uptake of
glucose by cells

MUSCLES
Increase glucose uptake
Increases amino acid uptake
LIVER
Stimulates enzymes that make glycogen
Inhibits enzymes that break down
glycogen
Stimulate enzymes that synthesize fats
 ROLE OF GLUCAGON
Acts in post-absorptive state
(catabolic)
Made in α-cells of Islets of Langerhans
in Pancreas

Stimulates the breakdown of glycogen

in the liver and other substances into
glucose (a.a.’s & lipids)

REMEMBER GLUCOSE DOES NOT

EASILY ENTER CELLS WITHOUT THE
PRESENCE OF INSULIN
 FEEDBACK LOOPS
PARASYMPATHE
TIC ACTIVITY INCR.
ISLET α-CELLS AMINO
ACIDS
INSULIN DECR.
GLUCOSE

GLUCAGON

INCR IN
LEVELS OF
FATTY LIPID &
ACIDS & PROTEIN
KETONES CONVERSION
ANABOLIC GLYCOGEN TO GLUCOSE
ENZYMES BREAKDO
INHIBITED SECRETION WN
OF
INSULIN
 DIABETES
Different types of diabetes

Type I (juvenile diabetes, insulin

dependent)
Genetic predisposition
Onset in childhood or early teens

Type II (adult-onset, non-insulin

dependent)
Obesity – mostly adults 40+
Excess sugar in blood stream

Gestational
Frequent urination

Excessive thirst

Extreme hunger
or constant eating

Unexplained weight
loss

Presence of glucose
in the urine
 DIAGNOSIS
The amount of glucose (sugar) in your blood is measured
in mmol/L.

Fasting blood glucose (FPG)

You must not eat or drink anything except water for at
least eight hours before this test. A test result of 7.0
mmol/L or greater indicates diabetes.

Casual blood glucose

This test may be done at any time, regardless of when
you last ate. A test result of 11.0 mmol/L or greater, plus
symptoms of diabetes, indicates diabetes.

Oral glucose tolerance test

You will be given a special sweetened drink prior to this
blood test. A test result of 11.1 mmol/L or greater taken
two hours after having the sweet drink indicates
diabetes.
A second test must be done in all cases (except if you
have acute signs and symptoms).
TREATMENTS
Insulin injections

Monitoring of
blood glucose

Planning of meals
(foods & times)

Weight loss
 Cost of Diabetes
World prevalence of (billions of dollars)
diabetes (per million
persons)