When the electric field becomes strong enough, an electrical discharge occurs within clouds or between clouds and

the ground is called lightning stroke.

Assumption: No Shielding and No Lightning Mast Possible Insulation Flashover (depends primarily on the stroke current magnitude) Damage to Major Substation Equipment Substation Outage Cost

Minimize the possibility of direct lightning strike to bus and/or major equipment in the substation and hence, the outage and possible failure of major electrical equipment.

Lightning conductor consists of the lightning receiver projecting above the object to be protected, the earthing grid and the conductor which connects the receiver with the earthing grid and carry the lightning current safely to the ground.

In substations we use two type of

lightning media:

Lightning Masts Ground Wires (Shield Wire)

A column or narrow base structure containing a vertical conductor from its tip to earth. Its purpose is to intercept lightning strokes so that they do not terminate on objects located within its zone of protection.

A wire suspended above the phase conductors to protect phase conductor, objects from lightning strike located within its protective zone.

Lightning Masts Shield Wires Combination of Masts & Shield Wires Calculation Dr. Razevigs Method Fixed Angles Method: 45/60 degrees Electrogeometric methods IEEE Std. 998-1996

The space around a lightning conductor in which the probability of lightning stroke is small is called protective zone.

Projection of height of the lightning conductor above the height of the object to be protected is called the active height of the lightning conductor. H1=H-h H1 is active height

IVG-Impulse Voltage generator 1- Electrode(For Discharge) 2- Model of the lightning Conductor 3- Grounded metallic plane

H= Height of Diode h= Height of Lightning Rod R= Radius of Zone r=radius of Protective Zone h1= Height of object to be protected

H= Height of Diode h= Height of Lightning Rod B= Radius of Zone b=radius of Protective Zone

If h1<2/3h Radius of protective zone is r1=1.5h(1-h1/0.8h) h1 object height h LM height If h1>2/3h r1=0.75h(1-h1/h) if height of Lightning Mast h>30mt. Then r1 must be multiplied by the coefficient p=5.5/h

For 2 LM Distance between two LM a<=7(h-h1) h-h1 is active height of LM h1=h-a/7 For 3 LM a circle of diameter D is passing through the tips of the LM D=8(h-h1)

Minimum active height of LM 1,2,4 is h2=60/8=7.5mt (h2 is active height) Minimum active height of LM 2,4,5 is h2=55/8=6.9mt Minimum active height of LM 1,3,4 is h2=50/8=6.4mt Minimum active height of LM 4,5,7,8 is h2=57/8=7.2mt LM of Active height =7.5mt is able to protect the area. Maximum height of equipment to be protected is 11mt So height of LM h=7.5+11=18.5mt

If h1<2/3h Radius of protective zone is b1=1.2h(1-h1/0.8h)

If h1>2/3h b1=0.6h(1-h1/h)

X= (B-A)Tan60 or X= (B-A) Tan

S=8kIs0.65 S is strike distance Is stroke current in kA k is coefficient k=1 for shield wire k=1.2 for Lightning Mast

The Protective area of shield wire or mast depends on the amplitude of the stroke current Is. Allowable stroke current : Is=2.2(BIL)/Zs Is is allowable stroke current in kA Zs is surge impedance of the conductor through which the surge is passing in ohms.