1

Two Port Networks

5.1 Is used to describe the performance of a circuit in terms of
the voltage and current at its input and output ports.
5.2 Impedance parameters z(terminal voltages can be related
to the terminal current)
5.3 Admittance parameters y (terminal currents can be
expressed in terms of the terminal voltages)
5.4 Hybrid parameters h
5.5 Transmission parameters T (expressing the variables at the
input port in terms of the variables at the output port)
2
Two Port Networks
It is a pair of terminals through which a current
may enter or leave a network is known as a port
Two terminal devices (R,L &C) result in one-port
Networks
Most of the circuits we have dealt with so far are
two terminal or one port circuits represented in (a)
3
Two Port Networks
Four terminal or two port (one input and one
output) circuits involving op amps, transistors, and
transformer as shown in (b).
Use of this building block is subject to 3
restrictions.
1. No energy stored within the circuit
2. No independent sources
3. Current in = Current out
4. No connection between port
4
Two Port Networks
Only the terminal variables (I
1
, V
1
, I
2
and V
2
) are
of interest.
The various terms that relate these voltages and
currents are called parameters
Our goal is to derive six sets of these parameters
We will show the relationship between these
parameters and how two port
networks can be connected in
series, parallel or cascade


5
One port or two
terminal circuit
Two port or four
terminal circuit
It is an electrical
network with two
separate ports for
input and output.
No independent
sources.
5.1 Introduction (2)
6
Impedance parameters
Impedance and admittance parameters are commonly
used in the synthesis of filters
Also useful in the design and analysis of impedance
matching networks and power distribution networks

(a) Driven by voltage sources, (b) driven by current sources
Assume no independent source in the network
7
5.2 Impedance parameters (1)
2 22 1 21 2
2 12 1 11 1
I z I z V
I z I z V
+ =
+ =
| |
(

=
(

=
(

2
1
2
1
22 21
12 11
2
1



I
I
z
I
I
z z
z z
V
V
where the z terms are called the impedance parameters,
or simply z parameters, and have units of ohms.
The terminal voltages can be related to the terminal
currents as
8
5.2 Impedance parameters (2)
z
11
= impedance seen looking into
port 1 when port 2 is open
z
21
= Transfer impedance. It is the
ratio of the port 2 voltage to the port
1 current when port 2 is open




z
12
= Transfer impedance. It is the
ratio of the port 1 voltage to the port
2 current when port 1 is open
z
22
= impedance seen looking into
port 2 when port 1 is open
0 I
1
2
21
0 I
1
1
11
2 2
I
V
z and
I
V
z
= =
= =
0 I
2
2
22
0 I
2
1
12
1 1
I
V
z and
I
V
z
= =
= =
9
5.2 Impedance parameters (2)
Therefore the impedance parameters may be either
calculated or measured by first opening port 2 and
determining the ratios V
1
/I
1
and V
2
/I
1
, and then
opening port 1 and determining the ratios V
1
/I
2
and
V
2
/I
2

10
5.2 Impedance parameters (2)
0 I
1
2
21
0 I
1
1
11
2 2
I
V
z
= =
= = and
I
V
z
0 I
2
2
22
0 I
2
1
12
1 1
I
V
z and
I
V
z
= =
= =
When z
11
= z
22
, the two-port
network is said to be symmetrical.
When the two-port network is
linear and has no dependent
sources, the transfer impedances
are equal (z
12
= z
21
), and the two-
port is said to be reciprocal.
11
V
1
V
2
I
2
I
1
Example 1

Determine the Z-parameters of the following circuit.
5.2 Impedance parameters
0 I
1
2
21
0 I
1
1
11
2 2

I
V
z and
I
V
z
= =
= =
0 I
2
2
22
0 I
2
1
12
1 1

I
V
z and
I
V
z
= =
= =
Answer:
O
(

=
70 40
40 60
z
O
(

=
22 21
12 11
z z
z z
z
12
5.3 Admittance parameters (1)
Assume no independent source in the network
2 22 1 21 2
2 12 1 11 1
V y V y I
V y V y I
+ =
+ =
| |
(

=
(

=
(

2
1
2
1
22 21
12 11
2
1
V
V
y
V
V

y y
y y
I
I
where the y terms are called the admittance parameters,
or simply y parameters, and they have units of Siemens.
13
0 V
2
2
22
0 V
2
1
12
1 1

V
I
y and
V
I
y
= =
= =
5.3 Admittance parameters (2)
y
11
= Short-circuit output
admittance
y
21
= Short-circuit transfer
admittance from port 2 to
port 1
y
12
= Short-circuit transfer
admittance from port 1 to
port 2
y
22
= Short-circuit input
admittance
0 V
1
2
21
0 V
1
1
11
2 2

V
I
y and
V
I
y
= =
= =
14
V
1
V
2
I
1
I
2
Example 2

Determine the y-parameters of the following circuit.
5.3 Admittance parameters (3)
0 V
1
2
21
0 V
1
1
11
2 2

V
I
y and
V
I
y
= =
= =
S
0.625 0.5
0.5 0.75
y
(

=
Answer:
0 V
2
2
22
0 V
2
1
12
1 1

V
I
y and
V
I
y
= =
= =
S
y y
y y
y
22 21
12 11
(

=
15
V
1
V
2
I
2
I
1
=i

Example 3

Determine the y-parameters of the following circuit.
5.3 Admittance parameters (4)
2 22 1 21 2
2 12 1 11 1
V y V y I
V y V y I
+ =
+ =
S
0.25 0.25
0.05 0.15
y
(

=
Answer:
2 1 2
2 1 1
0.25V 0.25V I
0.05V 0.15V I
+ =
=
) I 2(I ) I 4(2i V
) I 2(I 8I V
2 1 2 2
2 1 1 1
+ + + =
+ + =
Apply KVL
16
5.4 Hybrid parameters (1)
The h-parameter equivalent network of a two port
network
2 22 1 21 2
2 12 1 11 1
V h I h I
V h I h V
+ =
+ =
| |
(

=
(

=
(

2
1
2
1
22 21
12 11
2
1
V
I
h
V
I

h h
h h
I
V
where the h terms are called the hybrid parameters, or simply h
parameters, and each parameter has different units, refer above.

17
5.4 Hybrid parameters (2)
0 V
1
2
21
0 V
1
1
11
2
2
I
I
h
I
V
h
=
=
=
=
0 I
2
2
22
0 I
2
1
12
1
1
V
I
h
V
V
h
=
=
=
=
h
11
= short-circuit
input impedance (O)
h
21
= short-circuit
forward current gain
h
12
= open-circuit
reverse voltage-gain
h
22
= open-circuit
output admittance (S)
Assume no independent source in the network
18
V
1
V
2
I
1
I
2
Example 4

Determine the h-parameters of the following circuit.
5.4 Hybrid parameters (3)
0 V
1
2
21
0 V
1
1
11
2 2

I
I
h and
I
V
h
= =
= =
(

=
S
4
h
9
1
3
2
3
2
Answer:
0 I
2
2
22
0 I
2
1
12
1 1

V
I
h and
V
V
h
= =
= =
(

=
S h h
h h
h
22 21
12 11
19
5.5 Hybrid parameters (1)
Assume no
independent source in
the network
2 22 1 21 2
2 12 1 11 1
I g V g V
I g V g I
+ =
+ =
| |
(

=
(

=
(

2
1
2
1
22 21
12 11
2
1
I
V
g
I
V

g g
g g
V
I
where the g terms are called the inverse hybrid parameters, and
each parameter has different units.
20
5.5 Transmission parameters (1)
Assume no
independent source in
the network
2 2 1
2 2 1
DI CV I
BI AV V
=
=
| |
(

=
(

=
(

2
2
2
2
1
1
I
V
T
I
V

D C
B A
I
V
where the T terms are called the transmission parameters,
or simply T or ABCD parameters, and each parameter has
different units.
21
5.5 Transmission parameters (2)
0 I
2
1
0 I
2
1
2
2
V
I
C
V
V
A
=
=
=
=
0 V
2
1
0 V
2
1
2
2
I
I
D
I
V
B
=
=
=
=
A=open-circuit
voltage ratio
C= open-circuit
transfer admittance
(S)
B= negative short-
circuit transfer
impedance (O)
D=negative short-
circuit current ratio

22
V
1
V
2
Example 5

Determine the T-parameters of the following circuit.
5.5 Transmission parameters (3)
(

=
1.176 0.059S
15.294 1.765
T
Answer:
2 2 1
2 2 1
DI CV I
BI AV V
=
=
2 2 1
2 2 1
I
17
20
V
17
1
I
I
17
260
V
17
30
V
=
=
) I 20(I 3I V
) I 20(I 10I V
2 1 1 2
2 1 1 1
+ + =
+ + =
Apply KVL
23
V
1
V
2
I
1
I
2
The output port is connected to
a variable load for maximum
power transfer. Find R
L
and the
maximum power transferred.
Example 6

The ABCD parameters of the two-port network below are

T =
5.5 Transmission parameters (4)
(

2 0.1S
20 4
Answer: V
TH
= 10V V; R
L
= 8O; Pm = 3.125W.
24
5.5 Transmission parameters (1)
1 1 2
1 1 2
dI cV I
bI aV V
=
=
| |
(

=
(

=
(

1
1
1
1
2
2
I
V
t
I
V

d c
b a
I
V
where the t terms are called the inverse transmission
parameters, and each parameter has different units.

t parameter may be defined by expressing the variables at
the output port in terms of the variables at the input port.
25
5.5 Relationship between
parameters (1)
Since the six sets of parameters relate the same
input and output terminal variables of the same
two port network, they should be interrelated.
If we know one set of parameters, we can derive
all the other sets from the known set
Given the z parameters, let us obtain the y
parameters



or
| |
(

=
(

=
(

2
1
2
1
22 21
12 11
2
1



I
I
z
I
I
z z
z z
V
V
| |
(

=
(

2
1
2
1
V
V
z
I
I
1 -
26
5.5 Relationship between
parameters (1)
Also from eq.


Comparing with eq.


shows that

The adjoint of the [z] matrix is

and its determinant is



| | | | z y
-1
=
| |
(

=
(

=
(

2
1
2
1
22 21
12 11
2
1
V
V
y
V
V

y y
y y
I
I
| |
(

=
(

2
1
2
1
V
V
z
I
I
1 -
(

11 21
12 22
z z
z z
21 12 22 11
z z z z
z
= A
27
5.5 Relationship between
parameters (1)
Substituting these into eq.
we get





Equating terms yields




| | | | z y
-1
=
z 22 21
12 11
z z
z z

y y
y y
A
(

=
(

11 21
12 22
z
z
y
A
=
22
11
z
z
y
A
=
12
12
z
z
y
A
=
21
21
z
z
y
A
=
11
22
28
5.5 Analysis of the terminated two
port circuit
In the typical application of a two port model, the circuit is
driven at port 1 and loaded at port 2.
This Fig. shows a typically terminated two port model.





Z
g
= internal impedance of the source
V
g
= internal voltage of the source
Z
L
= load impedance
Analysis of this circuit involves expressing the terminal
currents and voltages as functions of two port parameters,
V
g
, Z
g
, and Z
L





Z
g
Z
L
V
g
I
1
I
2
+
-
+
-
V
1
V
2
29
5.5 Analysis of the terminated two
port circuit
Six characteristics of the terminated two port circuit define its
terminal behavior




The input impedance Z
in
=V
1
/I
1
The output current I
2
The Thevenin voltage and impedance with respect to port 2
The current gain I
2
/I
1

The voltage gain V
2
/V
1

The voltage gain V
2
/V
g




Z
g
Z
L
V
g
I
1
I
2
+
-
+
-
V
1
V
2
30
5.5 Analysis of the terminated two
port circuit
To shows how these six characteristics are derived, we
develop the expressions using z parameters to model the two
port portion of the circuit





The derivation of any one of the desired
expressions involves the algebraic
manipulation of the two port eqs. along
with the two constraint eqs. imposed
by the terminations



Z
g
Z
L
V
g
I
1
I
2
+
-
+
-
V
1
V
2
L
g g
2 22 1 21 2
2 1 11 1
Z I V
Z I V V
I z I z V
I z I z V
2 2
1 1
12
=
=
+ =
+ =
31
5.5 Analysis of the terminated two
port circuit
The impedance seen looking into port 1, that is Z
in
=V
1
/I
1
Replace V
2
with I
2
Z
L
and solve the resulting expression for I
2



Then substitute this eq. into and solve
for Z
in





L
g g
2 22 1 21 2
2 1 11 1
Z I V
Z I V V
I z I z V
I z I z V
2 2
1 1
12
=
=
+ =
+ =
22
1 21
2
z Z
I z
I
L
+

=
2 1 11 1
I z I z V
12
+ =
L
in
Z z
z z
z Z
+
=
22
21 12
11
32
5.5 Analysis of the terminated two
port circuit
To find I
2
, first solve for I
1
after replacing

V
1
with the RHS of , the result is

Now replace eq. into and solve


the resulting eq. for I
2





L
g g
2 22 1 21 2
2 1 11 1
Z I V
Z I V V
I z I z V
I z I z V
2 2
1 1
12
=
=
+ =
+ =
2 1 11 1
I z I z V
12
+ =
g
g
1
Z z
I z V
I
+
=

11
2 12
g g
Z I V V
1 1
=
g
g
1
Z z
I z V
I
+
=

11
2 12
22
1 21
2
z Z
I z
I
L
+

=
( )( )
21 12 22 11
21
z z Z z Z z
V z
I
L g
g
2
+ +

=
33
5.5 Analysis of the terminated two
port circuit
The Thevenin voltage with respect to port 2 equals V
2
when
I
2
=0
With I
2
=0. eqs. and

combine to yield


But and


Therefore




L
g g
2 22 1 21 2
2 1 11 1
Z I V
Z I V V
I z I z V
I z I z V
2 2
1 1
12
=
=
+ =
+ =
2 1 11 1
I z I z V
12
+ =
2 22 1 21 2
I z I z V + =
11
1
21 1 21
0
2
z
V
z I z V
I
2
= =
=
g g
Z I V V
1 1
=
g
g
1
Z z
V
I
+
=
11
g
g
Th
I
2
V
z Z
z
V V
11
21
0
2
+
= =
=
34
5.5 Analysis of the terminated two
port circuit
The Thevenin, or output, impedance is the ratio V
2
/I
2
when
V
g
is replaced by a short circuit. When V
g
is zero eq.
reduces to

Substituting eq. into eq.

gives



Use eq. to replace


I
1
in



L
g g
2 22 1 21 2
2 1 11 1
Z I V
Z I V V
I z I z V
I z I z V
2 2
1 1
12
=
=
+ =
+ =
g g
Z I V V
1 1
=
g
Z I V
1 1
=
g
Z I V
1 1
=
2 1 11 1
I z I z V
12
+ =
g
1
Z z
I z
I
+

=
11
2 12
g
1
Z z
I z
I
+

=
11
2 12
2 22 1 21 2
I z I z V + =
35
5.5 Analysis of the terminated two
port circuit
With the result that



The current gain I
2
/I
1
comes directly from eq.




For the voltage gain V
2
/V
1
, replace I
2
in
eq. with its value from

eq. ; thus



L
g g
2 22 1 21 2
2 1 11 1
Z I V
Z I V V
I z I z V
I z I z V
2 2
1 1
12
=
=
+ =
+ =
g
Th
V
2
2
Z z
z z
z Z
I
V
g
+
= =
=
11
21 12
22
0
22
1 21
2
z Z
I z
I
L
+

=
22
21
1
2
z Z
z
I
I
L
+

=
2 22 1 21 2
I z I z V + =
L
Z I V
2 2
=
36
5.5 Analysis of the terminated two
port circuit



Next solve eq. for I
1
as a function of V
1



and V
2



or





L
g g
2 22 1 21 2
2 1 11 1
Z I V
Z I V V
I z I z V
I z I z V
2 2
1 1
12
=
=
+ =
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
L
2
22 1 21 2
Z
V -
z I z V
2 1 11 1
I z I z V
12
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
L
2
1 11
Z
-V
z V I z
12 1
L
1
Z z
V z
z
V
I
11
2 12
11
1
+ =
37
5.5 Analysis of the terminated two
port circuit
Now replace I
1
in eq.


with eq. and solve the resulting


expression for V
2
/V
1






L
g g
2 22 1 21 2
2 1 11 1
Z I V
Z I V V
I z I z V
I z I z V
2 2
1 1
12
=
=
+ =
+ =
z Z z
Z z

z z z z Z z
Z z
V
V
L
L 21
L
L
1
2
A +
=
+
=
11
21 12 22 11 11
21
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
L
2
22 1 21 2
Z
V -
z I z V
L
1
Z z
V z
z
V
I
11
2 12
11
1
+ =
38
5.5 Analysis of the terminated two
port circuit
To derive the voltage ratio V
2
/V
g
, combine eqs.

and to find I
1
as a function
of V
2
and V
g





Now use eq.



and eq. in conjunction with



2 1 11 1
I z I z V
12
+ =
g
g
g L
1
Z z
V
Z z Z
V z
I
+
+
+
=
11 11
2 12
) (
L
g g
2 22 1 21 2
2 1 11 1
Z I V
Z I V V
I z I z V
I z I z V
2 2
1 1
12
=
=
+ =
+ =
g g
Z I V V
1 1
=
L
Z I V
2 2
=
g
g
g L
1
Z z
V
Z z Z
V z
I
+
+
+
=
11 11
2 12
) (
L
Z I V
2 2
=
39
5.5 Analysis of the terminated two
port circuit
Eq. To derive an expression involving

only V
2
and V
g
; that is


Which can manipulate to get the desired voltage ratio:



L
g g
2 22 1 21 2
2 1 11 1
Z I V
Z I V V
I z I z V
I z I z V
2 2
1 1
12
=
=
+ =
+ =
( )
21 12 22 11
21
) ( z z Z z Z z
Z z
V
V
L g
L
g
2
+ +
=
2 22 1 21 2
I z I z V + =
2
22
11
21
11
2 12 21
2
) ( ) (
V
Z
z
Z z
V z
Z z Z
V z z
V
L g
g
g L

+
+
+
=
40
5.6 Interconnected two port circuit
Two port circuits may be interconnected five ways:In
cascade, in series, in parallel, in series parallel and parallel
series




1 2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
41
5.6 Interconnected two port circuit
Consider the series connection of two port networks shown
below







For network 1 For network 2










2a 22a 1a 21a 2a
2a a 1a 11a 1a
I z I z V
I z I z V
+ =
+ =
12
I
1
1
2
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
V
1
V
1a
I
1a
I
2
I
2a
V
1b
V
2a
V
2b
V
2
I
1b
I
2b
2b 22b 1b 21b 2b
2b b 1b 11b 1b
I z I z V
I z I z V
+ =
+ =
12
b a 1
I I I
1 1
= =
b a 2
I I I
2 2
= =
42
5.6 Interconnected two port circuit
and that




Thus, the z parameters for all the overall network are





Or showing that the z
parameters for the overall network are the sum of the z
parameters for the individual networks











2 22b a 1 21b 21a 2b a 2
2 12b a 1 11b 11a 1b a 1
)I z z )I z (z V V V
)I z z )I z (z V V V
+ + + = + =
+ + + = + =
22 2
12 1
(
(
(

+ +
+ +
=
(

b a b a
b a b a
z z z z
z z z z
z z
z z
22 22 21 21
12 12 11 11
22 21
12 11
| | | | | |
b a
z z z + =
43
5.6 Interconnected two port circuit
Consider the parallel connection of two port networks shown
below







For network 1 For network 2










2a 22a 1a 21a 2a
2a a 1a 11a 1a
V y V y I
V y V y I
+ =
+ =
12
2b 22b 1b 21b 2b
2b b 1b 11b 1b
V y V y I
V y V y I
+ =
+ =
12
b a 1
I I I
1 1
+ =
b a 2
I I I
2 2
+ =
1
2
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
I
1
I
1a
I
2a
V
1a
V
2a
V
2b
V
1b
I
1b
I
2b
V
1
V
2
I
2
b a 1
V V V
1 1
= =
b a 2
V V V
2 2
= =
44
5.6 Interconnected two port circuit
and that




Thus, the y parameters for all the overall network are





Or showing that the y
parameters for the overall network are the sum of the y
parameters for the individual networks











2 22b a 1 21b 21a 2
2 12b a 1 11b 11a 1
)V y y )V y (y I
)V y y )V y (y I
+ + + =
+ + + =
22
12
(
(
(

+ +
+ +
=
(

b a b a
b a b a
y y y y
y y y y
y y
y y
22 22 21 21
12 12 11 11
22 21
12 11
| | | | | |
b a
y y y + =
45
5.6 Interconnected two port circuit
Consider the cascaded connection of two port networks
shown below








For network 1 For network 2










(

=
(

1a
1a
1
1
I
V
I
V
I
1
1 2
+
-
V
1
V
1a
I
1a I
2
I
2a
V
1b
V
2a V
2b
V
2
I
1b
I
2b
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
+
-
(

=
(

1b
1b
2a
2a
I
V
I -
V
(

=
(

2
2
2b
2b
I -
V
I -
V
(

=
(

2a
2a
a a
a a
1a
1a
I
V

D C
B A
I
V
(

=
(

2b
2b
b b
b b
1b
1b
I
V

D C
B A
I
V
46
5.6 Interconnected two port circuit
and that




Thus, the transmission parameters for all the overall network
are the product of the transmission parameters for the
individual transmission parameters




or
















(

=
(

2
2
b b
b b
a a
a a
1
1
I
V

D C
B A

D C
B A
I
V

D C
B A

D C
B A
D C
B A
b b
b b
a a
a a
(

=
(

| | | || |
b a
T T T =