UNCOMMON PAVEMENTS

By Daksh Sudhir Doulatram 8th Semester Department Of Civil Engineering

Pervious Concrete Pavements

Introduction

Pervious concrete pavement is a unique and effective means to meet growing environmental demands. Pervious concrete is a mixture of Portland cement, pea gravel and water. No sand is added. As there is no fine aggregate, void space is between 15-30%. Pervious concrete mass consists of an interconnected void structure. This allows water to seep through at very high intensities.

The Influence of Urbanization on Natural Drainage At Source

Properties of Pervious Concrete

Fresh properties - slump less than 2 inches - working time between mixing and placing around 1 hr Hardened properties - density of 1600 2000 kg/m3 - permeability of 0.2 to 0.5 cm/s - compressive strength between 3.5 to 28 Mpa - flexural strength between 1 to 3.5 Mpa - 50% to 80% of shrinkage within first 10 days Durability - entrained air improves freeze thaw resistance - lower abrasion resistance due to rough texture

Sulphate resistance - same as ordinary concrete. Water-cement ratio 0.27-0.30 (by mass)

Samples of pervious concrete with different water contents formed into a ball: (a) too little water, (b) proper amount of water, (c) too much water.

A close look at the pervious concrete

Placing a layer of drainage stone beneath the pervious pavement will greatly increase the site's retention capacity.

Infiltration Seen In Pavements

System A total infiltration

System B partial infiltration

System C - no infiltration

Cross-sections of Alternative Drainage Arrangements for Use in Impermeable Soils

Rock filled trench under pavement

Rock trench along pavement edge

Impermeable layer Subgrade Pervious concrete

V-trench

Rock filled trench extending beyond pavement

Sand underdrain

Sand underdrain with rock trench

Design Considerations

Hydrological considerations - Rainfall expected - Intensity of surface runoff - Underlying Soil Properties Structural considerations - Material Properties such as strength and stiffness

Layers of Permeable Pavements

Soil Subgrade - ideally sandy or gravelly soil - soil is compacted to 90%-95% of theoretical pavements Sub base - 300 450 mm thickness - 25mm size aggregate compacted Surface course - pervious concrete surface

Design of sloped pavement

Figure shows Preparation for a sloped installation. Crushed rock drains at intervals down the slope direct water away from the pavement and prevent water from flowing out of the pervious concrete.

Construction of Pervious Pavements

Mixing is done in a ordinary concrete mixer but for a longer period. Because of low water content the pavement mixture should be completely discharged with in one hour after initial mixing. Pervious concrete cannot be pumped. Finishing is not done for pervious pavements.

Set forms with a to removable spacer

Moisten the sub-grade or coarse aggregate base prior to placing concrete which is done by tailgating or conveyor belt

Cross Roller
- provides less compactive force - requires wetter mixtures

Longitudinal Roller

Vibratory Plate Compactors

25mm thick plywood is placed on the surface and compactor is run over the surface These compactors allow the use of even 12mm size aggregates on pervious pavements

Joint Placement: Joint aligned with previously placed slab to avoid reflective cracking. Joint space of 6m is recommended.

Curing: Plastic sheeting or Spray the surface with conventional curing compound should be used to cover the pervious concrete and be installed within a few minutes of consolidation to prevent moisture loss.

Advantages

Ground water is recharged. Reduces heat island effect. Maintains cooler ground temperatures Strom water runoff is reduced. Catches pollutants such as oils from vehicles and chemical pollutants. Enhances growth of trees on the side of pavements. Desired colors can be obtained at the time of mixing itself Reflectivity of pervious pavement is far less than ordinary concrete pavement.

Limitations

Inspection and maintenance work is needed. Slightly costlier than conventional pavements. Special techniques are needed. Cant withstand heavy loads.

Figure shows a clear distinction between ordinary and pervious pavements

Conclusion

Thus we can conclude that pervious concrete pavements are highly advantageous in our country and these are very helpful in controlling temperatures, urban runoff and improving ground water resources.

CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENTS

CRCP Characteristics
They are pavements with no transverse joints with a large amount of temperature steel to hold cracks.

No joints Steel reinforcement bars Numerous transverse hair line cracks at 1m to 3m intervals

History First used in 1921 Experimental sections in the 1940s More than 28,000 miles in the USA

Why Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements?

Smoothness Low maintenance cost No transverse joints which are generally costly to construct and maintain Thinner slab thickness relative to jointed concrete pavement

Factors Affecting Pavement Design

Traffic and Loading contact pressure, wheel load, axle configuration, moving loads and repetition of loads Materials of Construction elastic modulus, Poissons ratio, resilient modulus Environment temperature and precipitation Drainage Reliability Life-Cycle Costs

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Typical Cross Section of CRCP

Typical Layers of CRCP

Continuously Reinforced Concrete - concrete with longitudinal and transverse reinforcements - no transverse joints Sub Base - Distributes loads - Provides sub surface drainage Sub grade - compacted natural soil supporting all layers

Typical CRCP Design Features

Concrete thickness (200mm to 400 mm) Steel Content (0.5 to 0.8%) Depth to steel (100 mm to h/2) Crack spacing (1 to 3 m) Steel Bar Size (#6, #8) Fe-415 steel 2-layer or 1-layer Steel reinforcement as the case maybe

Natural Crack shapes and patterns

Causes Of Distresses in CRCP

Pumping

- ejection of base or sub grade materials and water Faulting - difference in elevation across a crack Spalling

- cracking, breaking, or chipping of the slab edges

Punchout - formation of longitudinal cracks initiated by transverse cracks

Failure of CRCP

CONCLUSION
CRCP is a highly reliable pavement with a long design life but has an high initial cost. Ideally suited for highways.

References
http://www.scribd.com/doc/7314260/continuosly

-reinforced-concrete-pavement-design-forairport. www.whereisdoc.com www.utexas.edu/research www.civil.iitb.ac.in http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/pccp/p ubs/05081/chapt2.cfm

THANK YOU

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