SVC Basic Theory and Main Components

www.abb.com/FACTS

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Inadequately compensated industrial networks:

Poor power factor Voltage depression Voltage fluctuations Harmonic distortion Voltage and current unbalance

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The Electric Arc Furnace (EAF)

Work horse of the steel industry Major source of voltage fluctuations

- Caused by rapid variations in reactive power

Major source of harmonics and phase unbalance

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An arc furnace requires a stable voltage supply

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Arc Furnace Load Characteristics

Secondary voltage without compensation...

1.05

Usek (pu)

0.95

0.9

0.85

0.8 0 1000 2000 3000 Time (ms) 4000 5000 6000

... low mean voltage and large voltage fluctuations

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Reactive power flow with HF compensation

PCC

QNET Q FCs

QEAF

EAF
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SET OF CAPACITOR BANKS, FCs

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Reactive Power Compensation with Filters

Secondary voltage with filter compensation...

1.05

Usek (pu)

0.95

0.9

0.85

0.8 0 1000 2000 3000 Time (ms) 4000 5000 6000

... higher mean voltage and large voltage fluctuations

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Reactive Power Flow with Harmonic Filters

Q
EAF

Q t Harmonic Filters t

Result

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Reactive power flow with dynamic compensation

PCC

QNET Q SVC QEAF QTCR Q FCs

EAF
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SET OF CAPACITOR BANKS, FCs TCR

SVC

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SVC Overview HMI

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Reactive Power Compensation with SVC

Secondary voltage with SVC...

1.05

Usek (pu)

0.95

0.9

0.85

0.8 0 1000 2000 3000 Time (ms) 4000 5000 6000

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...mean voltage close to nominal and significantly reduced voltage fluctuations.

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Reactive Power Flow with dynamic comp.

Q
t EAF

Harmonic Filters

Qcapacitive t Q Q TCR Q Inductive SVC t

Q Result

t t

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ACTIVE AND REACTIVE POWER..

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Poor voltage quality

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Harmonics
Fundamental

1.5
1 Voltage (pu) 0.5 1.5 0 1

Result

-0.5 -1 -1.5 0

0.5 Voltage (pu) 0.01 0.02 0.03 Time (s) 0.04 0.05 0.06

5:th Harmonic
1.5 1 Voltage (pu) 0.5 0

-0.5

-1

-1.5 -1

-0.5

0.01

0.02

0.03 Time (s)

0.04

0.05

0.06

-1.5 0 ABB Date - 15 -

0.01

0.02

0.03 Time (s)

0.04

0.05

0.06

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Frequency spectrum of harmonic currents

generated by an electric arc furnace

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TCR harmonics
Harmonic current generation by the TCR as function of the firing angle
0.04

n=5
0.03

n=7

0.02

0.01

n=11

In/I1

-0.01

n=13 n=19 n=17

n=25

n=11

-0.02

n=7 n=23

-0.03

-0.04

n=5
-0.05

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-0.06 90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

Firing angle [degrees]

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Harmonic Filter
1.5

1.5
0.5

1
0

0.5
-0.5

-1

-1.5

-0.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Time,ms 70 80 90 100

-1

-1.5

10

20

30

40

50 60 Time,ms

70

80

90

100

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EAF the flicker producer

I1

Ishort

Q (ind)

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What is Flicker?

Flicker: Fluctuations in luminance

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Flicker travel far

Steel mills produce flicker Complaints from local grid consumers Disturbances should be reduced locally
Generating source G
G

Main transmission grid

Regional grid Urban area Local grid Rural system

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Heavy industry

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SVC for Power Quality: Control types

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Example of SVC for industry:

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Example of Single Line Diagram

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Main Components

Thyristor Valve

Air Core Reactors

Capacitors Cooling System

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Thyristor Valve

Phase Control Thyristor

Anode

Valve

Gate

Th1

Th2

Cathode

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Typical SVC 3-ph assembly

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Thyristor Valve

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Thyristor Valve

Thyristor characteristics: Acts as a switch: Turned on by signal. Turned off at zero current. Conducting in only one direction. Voltage ratings (SVC applications): 5 - 7 kVpeak Current ratings (SVC applications): 815 3350 A Temperature range (silicon wafer): - 40 -- +125 C

Valve characteristics: A Thyristor Control Unit (TCU) converts light signals to electric trigger pulses and reports thyristor status. Antiparallel connection necessary. Series connection necessary. Voltage grading circuits are required (snubber circuits). Used in valves with current rating: 500 - 4000 A Efficient cooling necessary

(Water, sometimes mixed with glycol).

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Thyristor level with water coolers and TCU units

Thyristor control unit (TCU)

Thyristor

Heatsink, water cooled

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Air Core Reactor Typical Design

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TCR Air Core Reactor

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High Voltage Capacitor Unit Design

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High Voltage Capacitors Fuses

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HV Capacitors Unbalance detection

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High Voltage Capacitors Installation

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Example of Thyristor Valve Cooling System

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TCR/FC installation

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TCR installation

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TCR Delta connection

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Arc furnace performance diagram

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Tap to tap time

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Example of Protection Block Diagram (1/3)

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Example of Protection Block Diagram (2/3)

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Example of Protection Block Diagram (3/3)

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