Engineering materials

Metal / Metallic materials Generally classified as ferrous and nonferrous Ferrous materials consist of steel and cast iron Eg. Carbon steel, high alloy steel, stainless steel Nonferrous materials consist of the rest of the metals and alloys Eg. Aluminum, magnesium, titanium & their alloys Materials from each group are further classified and given certain designation according to the ASTM standard

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Each has their own unique number/code that represent main alloying elements, cast or wrought and in case of plain carbon amount of carbon. Steel can be classified or grouped according to some common characteristic. The most common classification is by their i. Composition Example : 10xx, 15xx ii. Strength Most common material used in construction of structure such as bridge, building and ships

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Low yield strength, less < 40 psi
Eg : A36 Carbon steel plates, bars and shapes

High strength, between 40 psi and 120 psi

Eg. A440- Carbon steel plates, bars and shapes of high tensile strength

Ultra-high strength > 200 psi iii. Product shape, finish processing and quality descriptors Typical product classification of flat hot-rolled carbon & low alloy steel According to the thickness and width

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For shape product forms eg. I beam and special shapes ( designed for specific application ), bar ( also included round, squares, hexagon in cross section ) Finishing process The last processing that the steel undergone. The mot common are hot-rolled, coldrolled or cold finished, annealed, normalized, quenched and tempered, coating process.

Engineering materials
Design and selection for metals One of the major issues for structural components is deflection under service load.
A function of the applied forces and geometry, and also stiffness of material. So suitable material and design are needed.

Load carrying capacity of component can be related to the yield strength, fatigue strength or creep strength depending on loading & service condition.
All are structure sensitive. Changed, chemical composition of the alloy, method and condition of manufacturing, as well as heat treatment

Engineering materials
Electrical & thermal conductivities Thermal conductivity, K
Is measure of the rate at which heat is trnasfered through a material

Q T k A x

Manufacture of component where electrical conductivity is primary requirement Al & Co Corrosion resistance & specific gravity limits the materials.

Engineering materials Manufacturing consideration

Wrought m/str usu stronger and more ductile than cast. Precision / size tolerances, surface finish, heat treatment stress relief etc., other secondary treatment & finishing. Weldability a function of material composition. So structure involve welding of the components need to consider. Also for other joining means. Machinability improvement by heat treatment or alloying elements. Economic aspects - perform function at lowest cost.

Engineering materials
Design for polymer
Polymer low density, good thermal & electrical insulation, high resistance to most chemicals and ability to take colours and opacities. But if unreinforced bulk polymer are mechanically weaker, lower elastic moduli & high thermal expansion coefficients. Improvement Reinforced variety of fibrous materials Composites (PMC). Advantages : ease of manufacturing & versatility. Can manufacture into complicated shapes in one step with little need for further processing or surface treatment.

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Versatility : ability to produce accurate component, with excellent surface finish and attractive color, at low cost and high speed Basic manufacturing processes for polymer parts are extrusion, molding, casting and forming of sheet. Thermoset & thermoplastic Differ in the degree of their inter-molecular bonding Rubber are similar to plastic in structure and the difference is largely based on the degree of extensibility or stretching. Design : avoid limitations, must remember that strength & stiffness vary with T, many have low impact strength, i.e brittle so avoid stress raisers.

Engineering materials
Design consideration for polymer Structural part When the parts is to carry load Should remember the strength and stiffness of plastics vary with temperature. Long term properties Eg. Creep behavior Stress raiser

Engineering materials
Design for ceramics
Ceramics inorganic compounds of one or more metals with a nonmetallic element. Eg Al2O3, SiC, Si2N3. Crystal structure of ceramic are complex They accommodate more than one element of widely different atomic size. The interatomic forces generally alternate between ionic & covalent. usually heat & electrical insulators. Strong ionic & covalent bonds give high hardness, stiffness & stability (thermal & hostile env.). (1) Amorphous or glass, (2) crystalline (arrange) & (3) crystalline bonded by glassy matrix.

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Whitewares, glass, refractories, structural clay products & enamels. Disadvantages Brittleness, low mechanical & thermal shock Design consideration for ceramics Sensitive to stress concentration Avoid stress raiser during design. Dimensional change take place during drying and firing, should be consider Large flat surface can cause wrapping Large changes in thickness of product can lead to nonuniform drying and cracking.

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Design for composite
A composite material can be broadly defined as an assembly two or more chemically distinct material, having distinct interface between them and acting to produce desired set of properties Composites MMC, PMC & CMC. The composite constituent divided into two Matrix Structural constituent / reinforcement Properties / behavior depends on properties, size & distribution, volume fraction & shape of the constituents, & the nature and strength of bond between constituents.

Engineering materials
Mostly developed to improve mechanical properties i.e strength, stiffness, creep resistance & toughness. Three type of composite (1) Dispersion-strengthened, (2) Reinforcement continuous & discontinuous (3) Laminated. Designing with composite A composite materials usually are more expensive on a cost. Important factors when designing with composite materials is that their high strength are obtained only as a result of large elastics strains in the fiber Fatigue behavior at low stress level because fibrous composites may have many crack, which can be growing and propagate through the matrix