Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
2
Surgery
• Is the branch of medicine, in which various
mechanical or physical therapeutic
manipulations are used
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Surgery
• The art or practice of treating injures
deformities and other disorders by
manual operation or instrumental
appliances
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The surgeon /from Clinical Surgery .
Of Michael M. Henry
London/
• Is one who makes people better chiefly
by the exercise of manual skills /
Operate first, questions later /.
Surgeons have skills in management
that go beyond mere manipulative ones
and look after many patients who might
possibly need an operation
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Operation?
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Operation
• Is a specific mechanic intervention upon a
part of the body for diagnosis and
treatment
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Operation
• Urgent – to be performed
immediately or within a few
hours following the patient's
admission
• Emergency – should be done in
several days after patient's
admission
• Scheduled – if the date of the
operation is fixed before
patient's admission
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Operation
• Radical – removes
the cause of
diseases, or part of
organ
• Palliative – relieve
symptoms of
diseases
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Operation
• Consist of three steps:
• Operative access
• Primary step
• Finishing the operation, suture of wound
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History of surgery
asepsis
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Joseph Lister / 1827 – 1912 /
• Made one of the great contributions to surgery
by demonstrating that antisepsis could prevent
infection. In march 1865 he began placing pure
carbolic acid into wounds/ reduced
concentration to 10,5 and 2,5 percent/. In 1867
he published his initial series of papers on
antiepsis
• In 1871 Lister began to use a carbolic acid
spray to reduce contamination of the operating
room atmosphere
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Ernst Bergman /1882/
• Aseptic sugery was not generally
practiced.
When asked what was new in surgery
1882, Ernst Bergman said, « Today we
wash hands befor an operation»
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1880s -1890s
• Sterilization of instruments cam into practice, first by
chemicals and then by steam
• Hand washing and the wearing of masks, caps, gowns and
gloves were also introduced about this time
• William Stewart Halsted (1852-1922) introduced rubber gloves
for his scrub nurse, Caroline Hampton, because mercuric
chloride irritated her skin
• Joseph Bloodgood introduced ther routine use bythe entire
operating taem
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The introductuon of antibiotics
• The discovery of penicillin was first reported
by Alexander Fleming \USA\in 1928, it was
not used clinically until administered by
Howard Florey in the 1948s.
• In the Soviet Union antibiotics were
introduced into clinical practice in the 1940`s
by Z V Ermolaeva
• Antibiotic therapy was a monumental
advance inthe treatment of infections
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Кафедра общей хирургии
лечебного факультета РГМУ
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Клинический корпус кафедры общей хирургии 1930-1940 г.
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Базы кафедры общей хирургии
Станция метро
Автозаводская,
автобус №9
Поварихина Ольга
Викторовна
Никитин Вячеслав
ГКБ № 13 Геннадьевич
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Березов Юлий Ефимович
(1922-1980)
• was Chief of Department General
Surgery from 1964 till 1980. Well –
known surgeon in Russian's oncology,
author of 8 books : Surgery of cancer of
the oesophagus, Surgery of
oesophagus, stomach after operation .
22
Кафедра общей хирургии
лечебного факультета РГМУ
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Базы кафедры общей хирургии
Желтиков Андрей
Николаевич
Махуова Гульмира
Балтабековна
Грицкова Ирина
Владимировна
МСЧ № 1 ГКБ № 12
Лобастов Кирилл
Викторович
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Буянов Валентин Михайлович
(1929 – 1998)
• was Chief of Department General
Surgery from 1980 till 1998. Well –
known surgeon in emergency
surgery, author of 10 text-books in
Surgery : Abdominal endoscopy,
pancreatitis, First aid, limpholodgy. He
introduced cross-sectional ultrasound
imaging in surgical practice
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Кафедра общей хирургии
лечебного факультета РГМУ
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Investigation of problem in GS
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Итоговый экзамен по общей
хирургии
Practical skills
практические Test \50questions\
навыки
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Студенческий научный кружок
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АСЕПТИКА И
АНТИСЕПТИКА
ASEPSIS AND ANTISEPSIS
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-LOCALISATION of MRSA- (WUND FORUM, 4/2000, s.18)
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Condition to make surgical
operation
• Asepsis - is preventing the infection of
wounds and patients
• Antisepsis – methods to combat bacterial
infection in the wound, patient in surgical
department
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ASEPSIS is preventing the
infection of wounds and patients
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BASE PRINCIPS OF ASEPSIS
• ISOLATION • STERILISATION
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Exogenous infection
Drops
•
Dust
•
Mixt form
•
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ASEPSIS SURGEON END NURSE
• Prophylacxis of • Special surgical robe
dust and drop • Special lather shoes
• surgical mask
infection
• Healthy personal
• STOP TALKING in surgical unit
• RULES • Works requires
36
Sterile surgical gowns
Мединетте Мединетте
дино форм
Мединетте Мединетте
рондо синус
41
METHODS STERILIZATION OF
THE HANDS
• Classic method • Modern method:
Spasokukotsky-Kochergin: With Performic acid
• Running water with soap Running water with soap
10 minutes
2,4 per cent solution /
• Warm 0,5 per cent 1 minutes /
ammonium hydroxide
solution / 2 x 3 minutes/ With hibitan,Hibiscrub,
Chlorhexidine
• 96 per cent ethyl alcohol/
Running water with soap
2 x 2,5 minutes
0,5 per cent solution /3
minutes /
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METHODS STERILIZATION OF
THE HANDS
• Modern method:
• With Pervomur: /formic acid 85%,81
ml +hydrogen peroxide 33% 171 ml
• Running water with soap – 1 min
• 2,4 per cent solution of pervomur - 1 min
• dry with sterile napkin
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METHODS STERILIZATION OF
THE HANDS
• With hibitan, Hibiscrub, Chlorhexidine -
0,5%
• Running water with soap- 1 min
• 0,5 per cent solution Hibiscrub,
Chlorhexidine / 3 minutes /
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Mistakes of preparing
hands
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ASEPSIS of students
• Prophylacxis of • Special surgical robe
dust and drop • Special shoes
infection • surgical mask
• STOP TALKING
• RULES • Works requires
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Special requirements for students
• Students can't disturb medical personal
and patient's in surgical department
• Students can't speak loudly
• Students can't visit operation room and
ward's without teacher
• All information about patient or operation
is confidential
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ASEPSIS OF PATIENT
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ASEPSIS OF PATIENT
• Prophylacxis of • Treatment of mouth,
endogenous infections skin,focus of infection by
Chemotherapy
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Micro flora of skin
Постоянные микроорганизмы от 80% до 90%
находятся на поверхностных слоях кожи
(естественная кожная флора) и от 10% до 20% -
в глубоких слоях кожи (в трещинах, криптах,
волосяных мешочках и выводных протоках
потовых и сальных желез).
с использованием одноразово-
го белья (1100 операций) - 2,27%
с повторным использованием
хлопчатобумажного белья (1153
операций) - 6,41%
Юридические
аспекты
деятельности
хирурга
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Статья 61. Врачебная тайна
\medical secret
это информация об \information about:
• факте обращения за медицинской помощью,
• состоянии здоровья гражданина,
• диагнозе его заболевания и
• иные сведения, полученные при его
обследовании и
• лечении. Например, сведения из личной
жизни.
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Статья 30. ПРАВА ПАЦИЕНТА
\patients law
• Уважительное и гуманное отношение.
• Выбор врача.
• Достойные условия пребывания.
• Проведение консилиума и консультаций.
• Облегчение боли.
• Врачебная тайна.
• Возмещение ущерба здоровью
• compensation damage of health
• Допуск адвоката.\ advice of lawyer
• Допуск священнослужителя
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•\counsel of priest
Российский Государственный
Медицинский Университет