ANSI SQL

Understanding SQL

LEVEL LEARNER

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Hands-on Exercise

Reference

Questions

Points To Ponder

Coding Standards
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Lend A Hand

Summary

Test Your Understanding

Overview

Understanding A!S" SQL session #ro$ides %no&'edge and understanding of Re'ationa' (ata)ase *anagement System+ !orma'i,ation+ and A!S" SQL-

Objectives
At t.e end of t.is session+ you &i'' )e a)'e to/ (efine (ata)ase *anagement System 0(1*S2 Reca'' t.e conce#t t.at a de$e'o#er needs to .a$e+ to &or% &it. it (efine (ata)ase 0(12 (escri)e (ata *ode' (efine Re'ationa' (ata)ase *anagement System 0R(1*S2 (escri)e (ata)ase !orma'i,ation (efine Structured Query Language 0SQL2

Introduction
After 'earning Programming 4undamenta's+ you mig.t .a$e encountered a need to retain t.e data &.ic. is in#ut+ mani#u'ated+ and dis#'ayed )y your codeProgram mani#u'ates data in RA* &.ic. is $o'ati'e storageQuestion: What if you need to refer to this data later? Ans/ Yes+ you can do itQuestion: How can you achieve this data persistence? Ans/ Usua''y a'' a##'ications+ direct'y or indirect'y+ are connected to one or more #ersistent storage de$ices 'i%e Hard (is% (ri$e 0H((2+ 4'as. (ri$es+ 5#tica' (is%+ and *emory CardsT.is im#'ies t.at t.e a##'ications .a$e mo)i'ity to store data in $arious storage units or de$icesQuestion: How will you e a le to !anipulate and retrieve this stored data? Ans/ T.is is t.e 6o) of a (1*S too'- Let7s %no& a)out t.e too' in detai'-

What is DBMS?

"ata ase #"$% A data)ase is a co''ection of 'ogica''y re'ated data "t is used to searc. data to ans&er 9ueries A data)ase may )e designed for )atc. #rocessing+ rea' time #rocessing+ or on'ine #rocessing-

"ata ase &ana'e!ent (yste! #"$&(% (ata)ase *anagement System is a set of soft&are or #rograms t.at ena)'es storing+ modifying+ and extracting information from a data)ase "t a'so #ro$ide users &it. too's to add+ de'ete+ access+ modify+ and ana'y,e data stored in one 'ocation A grou# can access t.e data )y using 9uery and re#orting too's t.at are #art of t.e (1*S+ or )y using a##'ication #rograms s#ecifica''y &ritten to access t.e data-

Data Models

Ho& are t.e data mode'ed or structured in (1*S; To ans&er t.is+ 'et us understand t.e conce#t of (ata *ode's-

A (ata *ode' is a re#resentation of a rea' &or'd situation a)out &.ic. data is to )e co''ected and stored in a data)ase- A data mode' de#icts t.e dataf'o& and 'ogica' interre'ations.i# among different data e'ements-

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Types of Data Models

Types of Data Models !ontd"#

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Object$based %o&ical Models

) *ect+ ased Lo'ical &odels: T.ey descri)e data at conce#tua' and $ie& 'e$e's-

T.e E-R *ode'/ T.e Entity-Re'ations.i# mode' is )ased on a #erce#tion of t.e &or'd as a co''ection of )asic o)6ects 0entities2 and re'ations.i#s among t.ese o)6ects-

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'ecord$based %o&ical Models

Record+ ased Lo'ical &odels: Un'i%e o)6ect-oriented mode's+ t.is is used to/ S#ecify o$era'' 'ogica' structure of t.e data)ase+ and Pro$ide a .ig.-'e$e' descri#tion of t.e im#'ementation As t.e name im#'ies+ in t.is mode' t.e data)ase is structured in fixed-format records of se$era' ty#es Eac. record ty#e defines a fixed num)er of fie'ds or attri)utes-

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Definition of 'DMS

Re'ationa' (ata)ase *anagement System 0R(1*S2 is a (ata)ase *anagement System 0(1*S2 t.at is )ased on t.e Re'ationa' mode'-

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Database (or)ali*ation

Ho& to reduce data redundancy and inconsistency in data)ase ta)'es; (ata redundancy and inconsistency in data)ase ta)'es can )e reduced )y fo''o&ing a #rocess ca''ed !orma'i,ation(ata)ase !orma'i,ation/ (ata)ase !orma'i,ation is t.e #rocess of organi,ing t.e fie'ds and ta)'es of a re'ationa' data)ase to minimi,e redundancy and de#endency !orma'i,ation usua''y in$o'$es di$iding 'arge ta)'es into sma''er 0and 'ess redundant2 ta)'es and defining re'ations.i#s )et&een t.em T.e o)6ecti$e is to iso'ate data so t.at additions+ de'etions+ and modifications of a fie'd can )e made in 6ust one ta)'e and #ro#agated t.roug. t.e rest of t.e data)ase $ia defined re'ations.i#s-

(or)al +or)s

Nor!al ,or!s: Edgar 4- Codd+ t.e in$entor of t.e Re'ationa' *ode'+ introduced t.e conce#t of !orma'i,ation in ?><@- Ae no& %no& t.is conce#t as t.e 4irst !orma' 4orm 0?!42 Codd &ent on to define t.e Second !orma' 4orm 02!42 and T.ird !orma' 4orm 0 !42 in ?><?+ and Codd and Raymond 4- 1oyce defined t.e 1oyce-Codd !orma' 4orm 01C!42 in ?><3 "nforma''y+ a re'ationa' data)ase ta)'e is often descri)ed as Bnorma'i,edB if it is in t.e T.ird !orma' 4orm- *ost !4 ta)'es are free of insertion+ u#date+ and de'etion anoma'ies-

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(or)al +or)s !ontd"#

To understand norma' forms+ consider t.e fo''o&ing denorma'i,ed data)ase ta)'e- !o& &e &i'' norma'i,e t.e data of t.e fo''o&ing ta)'e using norma' forms-

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+irst (or)al +or)

,irst Nor!al ,or! #-N,%: A data)ase ta)'e is said to )e in ?!4 if it contains no re#eated fie'dsCco'umns T.e #rocess of con$erting t.e U!4 ta)'e into ?!4 is as fo''o&s/ Se#arate t.e re#eated fie'ds into ne& data)ase ta)'es a'ong &it. t.e %ey from denorma'i,ed data)ase ta)'e T.e #rimary %ey of ne& data)ase ta)'es mig.t )e a com#osite %ey-

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+irst (or)al +or) !ontd"#

,irst Nor!al ,or! #-N,%

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Second (or)al +or)

(econd Nor!al ,or! #.N,%: A data)ase ta)'e is said to )e in 2!4 if it is in ?!4 and contains on'y t.ose fie'dsCco'umns t.at are functiona''y de#endent 0t.e $a'ue of t.e fie'd is determined )y t.e $a'ue of anot.er fie'd0s22 on t.e #rimary %ey "n 2!4+ &e remo$e t.e #artia' de#endencies of any non-%ey fie'd T.e #rocess of con$erting t.e data)ase ta)'e into 2!4 is as fo''o&s/ Remo$e t.e #artia' de#endencies 0a ty#e of functiona' de#endency &.ere a fie'd is on'y functiona''y de#endent on t.e #art of #rimary %ey2 of any non-%ey fie'd "f fie'd 1 de#ends on fie'd A and $ice $ersa+ for a gi$en $a'ue of 1+ &e .a$e on'y one #ossi)'e $a'ue of A and $ice $ersa+ t.en &e #ut t.e fie'd 1 into ne& data)ase ta)'e- "n t.e ne& ta)'e+ 1 &i'' )e #rimary %ey and a'so mar%ed as foreign %ey in #arent ta)'e-

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Second (or)al +or) !ontd"#

(econd Nor!al ,or! #.N,%: 2!4 of t.e ?!4 ta)'es s.o&n a)o$e are as fo''o&s/

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Third (or)al +or)

/hird Nor!al ,or! #0N,%: A data)ase ta)'e is said to )e in !4 if it is in 2!4 and a'' non %ey fie'ds are de#endent on a #rimary %ey- Ae can a'so consider a ta)'e to )e in !4 if it is in 2!4 and none of t.e fie'ds of t.e ta)'e are transiti$e'y functiona''y de#endent on t.e #rimary %ey T.e #rocess of con$erting a ta)'e into !4 is as fo''o&s/ Remo$e t.e transiti$e de#endencies 0a ty#e of functiona' de#endency &.ere a fie'd is functiona''y de#endent on t.e fie'd t.at is not t.e #rimary %eyHence its $a'ue is determined+ indirect'y )y t.e #rimary %ey2 *a%e se#arate ta)'e for transiti$e de#endent fie'd-

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Third (or)al +or) !ontd"#

/hird Nor!al ,or! #0N,%:

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Boyce !odd (or)al +or)

$oyce 1odd Nor!al ,or! #$1N,%: A data)ase ta)'e is said to )e in 1C!4 if it is in !4 and contains eac. and e$ery determinant as a candidate %ey T.e #rocess of con$erting a ta)'e into 1C!4 is as fo''o&s/ Remo$e t.e non-tri$ia' functiona' de#endency

*a%e se#arate ta)'e for t.e determinants

Let7s consider t.e s#ecia' situation gi$en )e'o& to understand 1C!4/

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Boyce !odd (or)al +or) !ontd"#

$oyce 1odd Nor!al ,or! #$1N,% : After a##'ying 1C!4/

S,%

Question : How the data is access fro! R"$&(?

AN(: T.roug. SQL-

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S,%
Structured Query Language 0SQL2 "t is a s#ecia'-#ur#ose #rogramming 'anguage designed for managing data in R(1*S "t is a 3t. Deneration Language or 3DLWhat is -2L3 .2L3 02L3 42L3 52L?

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-(SI S,%
Question/ (oes #ro6ects recommend %no&'edge of A!S" SQL; Ans&er/ Yes A!erican National (tandards 6nstitute #AN(6%: "t is a #ri$ate non-#rofit organi,ation t.at is res#onsi)'e for de$e'o#ment of $o'untary standards for #roducts+ ser$ices+ #rocesses+ systems+ and #ersonne' in t.e United States SQL &as ado#ted as a standard )y t.e American !ationa' Standards "nstitute 0A!S"2 in ?>=: as SQL-=: and t.e "nternationa' 5rgani,ation for Standardi,ation 0"S52 in ?>=<Question / (o you &ant more c'arification on &.y one s.ou'd fo''o& A!S"; Ans&er/ Let us understand &.y one s.ou'd ad.ere to A!S""n t.is course+ &e &i'' ad.ere to A!S" SQL syntax-

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Why -(SI S,%?

A.y do &e need A!S" SQL standard; Ait.out a centra' standard entity+ e$ery data)ase manufacturer &ou'd )e free to use &.ate$er syntax t.ey find a##ro#riate E$en t.oug. t.ere are some $ariations from one to t.e next regarding $arious extensions+ t.e main code is going to )e t.e same from one to anot.er A SELECT &i'' a'&ays )e a SELECT instead of a SELECT on one+ DET on anot.er+ REA( on a t.ird+ etc T.is &i'' not a''o& $endor )ased mono#o'y-

!ote/ E$ery $endor a$ai'a)'e in mar%et .as t.eir o&n "6ALE1/( 0somet.ing additiona' a#art from A!S" recommendation2 ET.e dia'ect of t.e data)ase is sim#'y a term t.at define t.e s#ecific features of t.e SQL 'anguage t.at are a$ai'a)'e &.en accessing t.at data)ase-F
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,uestions

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.eywords

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!hec/ 0our Understandin&

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Su))ary

"n t.is session you .a$e 'earned t.e fo''o&ing/ (ata)ase 0(12 is a co''ection of 'ogica''y re'ated data (ata)ase *anagement System 0(1*S2 is a set of soft&are or #rograms t.at ena)'es storing+ modifying+ and extracting information from a data)ase (ata *ode' is a re#resentation of a rea' &or'd situation a)out &.ic. data is to )e co''ected and stored in a data)ase Re'ationa' (ata)ase *anagement System 0R(1*S2 is a (ata)ase *anagement System 0(1*S2 t.at is )ased on t.e Re'ationa' mode'-

Su))ary !ontd"#

(ata)ase !orma'i,ation is t.e #rocess of organi,ing t.e fie'ds and ta)'es of a re'ationa' data)ase to minimi,e redundancy and de#endencyStructured Query Language 0SQL2 is a s#ecia'-#ur#ose #rogramming 'anguage designed for managing data in Re'ationa' (ata)ase *anagement Systems 0R(1*S2SQL &as ado#ted as a standard )y t.e American !ationa' Standards "nstitute 0A!S"2 in ?>=: as SQL-=: and t.e "nternationa' 5rgani,ation for Standardi,ation 0"S52 in ?>=<-

Source
.tt#/CCen-&i%i#edia-orgC&i%iCSQL

A draft of A!S" SQL/2@@= &.ic. is free'y do&n'oada)'e as ,i# G?2-?*1H arc.i$e HERE-

(isc'aimer/ Parts of t.e content of t.is course is )ased on t.e materia's a$ai'a)'e from t.e &e)sites and )oo%s 'isted a)o$e- T.e materia's t.at can )e accessed from t.e 'in%ed sites are not maintained )y Cogni,ant Academy and &e are not res#onsi)'e for t.e contents t.ereof- A'' trademar%s+ ser$ice mar%s+ and trade names in t.is course are t.e mar%s of t.e res#ecti$e o&ner0s2-

ANSI SQL
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Understanding SQL

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