Chemical composition of the cell

Elements
All living and non-living things are made of subtances called elements A subtance Composed of only one kind of atom Cannot be broken down into simpler subtances by a chemical reaction Most common C-carbon, O-oxygen, Hhydrogen, N-nitrogen.

Elements
It accounts for about 96% of the mass of human body. Other elements make up the remaining 4%. Organic compound-Chemical compounds that contain the element carbon eg carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Water is an inorganic compoundcomposed of hydrogen and oxygen

The importance of Organic compound

Proteins

Amino acids

2 Carbohydrates

Sugars, starch, glycogen and cellulose

Lipids

Fats, Oils, waxes, Phospholipids and steroils

So, what are the function of these organic compound???

Food Digestion

Digestion 1. The process that breaks down complex food to simpler soluble small molecules complex Starch small Proteins

What happens to the food you eat??

Lipids

Consist largely of Proteins, lipids and carbohydrates

glucose

Amino acids

Glycerol and fatty acids

Complex organic molecules

Energy

Synthesize new protein

Plasma membrane component

Small soluble molecules

4
Nucleic acid
nucleotides

Phosphate group

Pentose sugar

Nitrogenous base

2 types of nucleic acids

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

RNA ( Ribonucleic acid)

-double stranded polynucleotide

-two strands -strands twisted around eachother -double helix

-Found in cytoplasm,ribosomes

and the nucleus -Used for protein synthesis -genetic material for some viruss

-Contains genetic information -In chloroplast and mitochondria

The importance of water

Polar molecule Transport medium Medium for biochemical reactions Lubrication High cohesion

Polar molecule
The solvent of life Dissolve many ionic compound eg salt, polar molecules (sugar)

Transport medium
In blood ,lymphatic, excretory and digestive systems and in vascular tissues of plants. Blood plasma is made up of 90% of water Also contains many biological molecules eg sugar, amino acid and respiratory gases. Waste products are excreted from the body through the urine.

Biochemical reaction
Biochemical reactions take place in the cell can only occur when there is water Water used in many digestive reactions Breaking down the proteins,lipids and sugars.

Types of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

Polysaccharides

Monosaccharides
Monomers of carbohydrates

Simplest type of carbohydrates

Simple sugars (main source of energy for many cells) Long chain monosaccharides can combine with Proteins and lipids to form glycoproteins and glycolipids

Reducing sugars and reducing agent

Glucose, fructose ( sweet fruit and honey) and Galactose(milk)

Disaccharides
When 2 monosaccharides combine in condensation process What is condensation? Maltose, Sucrose and Lactose Condensation Glucose + Glucose Maltose + water Hydrolysis

Condensation

Glucose + Fructose
Hydrolysis

Sucrose + water

Condensation

Glucose + Galactose
Hydrolysis

Lactose + water

Maltose- Malt sugar

Sucrose cane sugar

Polysaccharides
Hundreds of monosaccharides can combine through condensation to form a long chain of molecules. Polymers formed by the condensation of glucose monomers. Insoluble in water due to large molecular size Do not taste sweet and do not crystallise Starch, glycogen and cellulose

Starch

Is the main carbohydrate reserve in plants

Found in plants such as wheat , rice ,potatoes, bread and corn

Glycogen
The main reserve of carbohydrates in animals and yeast Human and animals store glycogen mainly in the liver and muscle cells Glycogen-----animal starch The polysaccharide chains are highly branched What happens when poly+diluted acid n enzymmatic reaction????

Hydrolysis
Polysaccharides + water monosaccharides

Proteins
Large complex organic molecules Made up of elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen Some contains sulphur and phosphorus Foods ( fish, meat, milk, nuts and eggs)

Proteins
Made up of monomers or units called amino acids. A dipeptide consists of two molecules of amino acids that are linked by a peptide bond through condensation.
condensation

Amino acid + amino acid

hydrolysis

dipeptide + water

 Further condensation can form a polypeptide chain. There are 20 types of amino acids in living cells. Proteins or polypeptides that are broken down through hydrolysis into amino acids by the digestive enzymes are absorbed into the bloodstream.
Hydrolysis
Polypeptide + water dipeptides or amino acids

Proteins

Proteins structures

Primary structure
The linear sequence of amino acid in a polypeptide chain Different types of proteins have different sequences of amino acids. The sequences are determined by the genetic code carried in the DNA in the nucleus

Secondary structure
The polypeptide chain that is coiled to form an alpha-helix or folded into beta-pleated sheets The coiling and folding of polypeptide chain by hydrogen bonds

Tertiary structure
Helix chain or beta-pleated sheets are folded into 3D shape of polypeptide Eg: enzymes,hormones,antibodies and plasma proteins

Quarternary structure
Combination of two or more tertiary structure polypeptide chains to form one large and complex protein molecule For example: haemoglobin