ADRENAL GLAND

Dr. Fatimah Eliana, SpPD, KEMD

ADRENAL GLAND
1.The adrenal, or suprarenal, gland is paired. 2.They are located on the upper portion of each kidney

ADRENAL GLAND

Adrenal Gland is divided into TWO distinct parts: 1. Adrenal Cortex from mesoderm 2. Adrenal Medulla from ectoderm

Adrenal Gland

Adrenal Cortex

Adrenal Medulla

From Mesoderm

From Neural crest

Figure 25.9a

ADRENAL CORTEX

ADRENAL CORTEX
The adrenal cortex is divided into: 1. Zona glomerulosa 2. Zona fasciculata 3. Zona reticularis

Adrenal Cortex

Zona glomerulosa
mineralocorticoids e.g. aldosterone Zona fasciculata glucocorticoids e.g. cortisol Zona reticularis
Androgens e.g. testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA).

ADRENOCORTICAL HORMONES

They are all steroids The synthesis of the hormones involves cytochrome P-450 enzymes The enzymes are located in the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum Each zone secretes the hormones of ONLY one pathway according to the group of enzymes present

Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex

Zona fasciculata

It secretes the Glucocorticoids The most important are cortisol and corticosterone Found mainly bound to plasma globulin, transcortin They are regulated by pituitary ACTH It is converted in the liver to inactive cortisone CORTISOL

Control of cortisol

RELEASE OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS IS CONTROLLED BY ______

LETS LOOK AT ACTH (adrenocorticotropic Hormone)

Produced in anterior pituitary gland

ACTH

Circulating levels of cortisol

levels cause stimulation of ACTH levels cause dec. release of ACTH

think tank: What type of feedback mechanism is this??

AFFECTED BY:

Individual biorhythms
ACTH LEVELS ARE HIGHEST 2 HOURS BEFORE AND JUST AFTER AWAKENING. usually 5AM - 7AM these gradually decrease rest of day

Stresssecretion

cortisol production and

Actions of Glucocorticoids

Increases blood glucose by stimulating gluconeogenesis which leads to glycogenesis and inhibiting action of insulin on glucose uptake Inhibits amino acid uptake and protein synthesis in extrahepatic tissues (catabolism), while stimulating these processes in the liver (anabolism). Stimulates lipolysis in adipose tissue releasing FFA Water excretion due to the inhibitory effect of cortisol on ADH Inhibits inflammatory and allergic reactions by Inhibiting immune response due to the destruction of lymphoid tissue resulting in decreased production of antibody, lymphocytes, basophils, and easinophils.

SUGAR

GLUCOCORTICOIDS (regulate metabolism & are critical in stress response)

CORTISOL responsible for control and & metabolism of: a. CHO (carbohydrates)
amt. glucose formed amt. glucose released

CORTISOL
b. FATS-control of fat metabolism
stimulates

fatty acid mobilization from adipose tissue

c. PROTEINS-control of protein metabolism

stimulates protein synthesis in liver protein breakdown in tissues

SUGAR
Other

fxs of Cortisol

inflammatory and allergic response immune system therefore prone to infection

Zona Glomerulosa

It secretes the mineralocorticoids, mainly aldosterone The main mineralocorticoid in humans is aldosterone It is found bound to albumin in the blood It regulates Na balance and blood pressure
ALDOSTERONE

Control of Aldosterone
By the renin-angiotensin system: 1.In response to drop in blood pressure 2.Decreased osmolality

Structure of Nephron

C O R T E X

Glomerulus
Loop Of Henle Collecting Duct

M E D U L L A

Structure of Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

Distal Convoluted

1.

2.

Juxtaglomerular apparatus is composed of: Juxtaglomerular cells Macula densa cells

Tubule

Adrenal gland Adrenal cortex Zona glomerulosa

Juxtaglomerular Distal tubules cells

Angiotensin II ACE Blood

Na K/ H

Kidney

Angiotensin I

Renin

Angiotensinogen
Liver

Actions of Aldosterone
Stimulates sodium reabsorption in the kidneys Stimulates the excretion of potassium and hydrogen ions Indirectly increases blood pressure

SALT

Mineralocorticoids (F & E balance)

Aldosterone (renin from kidneys controls adrenal cortex production of aldosterone) Na retention Water retention K excretion

Question:
If your Na level is low, will aldosterone secretion or If your serum K+ level is high, will aldosterone secretion or

Zona reticularis
It is the innermost layer of the adrenal cortex It is relatively inactive and physiologically unimportant It secretes androgens In the female, they may contribute to the pubertal and postmenopausal changes

SEX

ANDROGENS
hormones which characteristics
release

male

of testosterone

Seen more in women than men

ADRENAL MEDULLA

ADRENAL MEDULLA
Fight or flight What is released by the adrenal medulla?

CATECHOLAMINE RELEASE
Epinephrine Norepinephrine

ADRENAL MEDULLA

It secretes the catecholamines, adrenaline (80%) and noradrenaline (20%) They are called the fight or flight hormones or the 3Fs (fear, flight, flight) Opioid peptides are also synthesized and co secreted with the hormones They are released in response to stimulation by acetylcholine from the preganglionic sympathetic nerve endings

Actions of Adrenal medullary hormones

Increase blood glucose by: 1. Promote glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver 2. Inhibit secretion of insulin Stimulate lipolysis with resultant increase in FFA Increase heart rate contraction and cause branchodilatation Increase constriction of visceral blood vessels and vasodilatation of skeletal muscles Decrease function of visceral organs Increase the basal metabolic rate and total oxygen consumption (calorigenic)