Lecture 1

Introduction to
Petroleum Technology
Miri #1 Drilling Rig

Seismic Boat

Oil Refinery
AMK-ORSB

Transportation

NOTES ON THE LECTURE:

This introductory course covers hydrocarbon as sources of energy. Topics include: introduction to petroleum industry. Local, regional, national and global energy requirements are discussed. The course includes: an overview of petroleum technology including geological, geophysical and geochemical prospecting, drilling mechanisms, formation evaluation, reservoir engineering, production engineering, processing, transportation, refining and petrochemicals. The course contains utilization of products, Highlights of local Petroleum industry, and the Job scope for Petroleum Industry.

Overview
This 1-day course is designed to familiarize non-technical personnel in the petroleum and related government, financial, legal, and service industries with the basics of the upstream (exploration and production) petroleum industry via slides, and computer illustrations. The course will provide an overview of most aspects of the petroleum industry, including exploration, drilling, reserves, production, and economics.

Lecture 1

Course Outline Petroleum: a definition History of Oil Exploration in Malaysia Geology Exploration Techniques Prospect Evaluation Drilling Field Evaluation Production Refining Materials and Products Energy Usage

AMK-ORSB

What is Petroleum
petroleum (p-tr'l-m) n. A thick, flammable, clear-yellow to black mixture of gaseous, liquid, and solid hydrocarbons that occurs naturally beneath the earth's surface, can be separated into fractions including natural gas, gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, fuel and lubricating oils, paraffin wax, and asphalt and is used as raw material for a wide variety of derivative products. Latin petra, rock; see petrous + Latin leum, oil;

Definition includes: Crude oil, natural gas and Asphalt (Tar).

Crude oil samples

AMK-ORSB

Natural gas blow-out

Oil seepages

History of Oil Exploration in Malaysia

First Oil well Miri # 1in 1910, at Canada Hill after exploratory drilling over four months. Use the cable toll drilling technique adopted from drilling water wells. The well dubbed the Grand Old Lady, this oil well remained in production until 1972. Total production amounted to about 98 Million Barrels for Miri Field.
Miri#1 1910

Duyung gas platforms

Peninsular Malaysia first discovery was at Sotong field offshore Terengganu in 1976. Subsequent field we discovered such as Seligi (the largest 800 MMSTB), Tapis, Guntong and Tinggi. Large Gas field were also discovered such as Duyung, Sepat and Angsi.
Recent discovery is in deep-water offshore Sabah by Murphy (Kikeh field; about 400-600 MMSTB)

Kikeh PFSO

History of Oil Industry

Modern petroleum industry started in the 1860s in Pennsylvania and West Virginia, USA Main product was kerosene for lighting (before that people use whale oil) Gasoline was useless until the invention of the internal combustion engine.

Terminology: Oil & Natural Gas = Hydrocarbons

Petroleum Crude Oil Natural Gas Molecules of carbon and hydrogen atoms Usually in chains or rings of carbon atoms Crude oil is a mix hydrocarbon

What are Hydrocarbons?

Hydrocarbons are compounds containing carbon & hydrogen elements bonded together by bonds. H H H H H
Cyclo Hexane

H-C-H H-C-C-C-C-H

H
methane

H H H H
n-Butane

C6H12
Benzene C6H6

CH4

C4H10

Crude Oil Compositions

Crude oil can be fractionated into 3 simple components:
Aliphatics saturates and unsaturates
CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH3 CH2 = CH - CH = CH2

Aromatics
Benzene C6H6 Anthracene C14H10

Cyclo Hexane

C6H12

NSO compounds (asphaltene, resins)

OH

Napthol C10H7OH

S Benzothiophene

Petroleum Geology
Rock types Oil and gas origin Oil and gas migration and accumulation Traps Exploration methods.

ROCKS TYPES
IGNEOUS ROCKS
formed from molten magma at the surface or subsurface of the earth.

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
formed at the surface of the earth, either by accumulation and later cementation of fragments of rocks, minerals and organism, or as percipitates and organic growths from sea water and other solutions.

METAMORPHIC ROCKS
formed from the transformation of other rocks, while in the solid state, by heat, pressure and chemically active fluids to which they were subjected.

Igneous Rocks
Geologists recognize three major rock groups, each of which has a characteristic mode of formation. Each major rock group can be subdivided based on composition and texture. Igneous rocks form by cooling and crystallization of molten material. Slow cooling within Earth produces intrusive igneous rock such as granite. Faster cooling at Earths surface yields extrusive igneous rocks such as basalt.

basalt granite

Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rocks form by: 1) consolidation of rock fragments, 2) precipitation of minerals from solution 3) compaction of plant or animal remains Sedimentary rocks are very useful for interpreting Earth history

limestone

conglomerate

Metamorphic Rocks
gneiss
Metamorphic rocks form beneath Earths surface when other rocks are transformed by heat, pressure, and/or chemically active fluids. Foliated metamorphic rocks, gneiss for example, contain layers or bands formed by the parallel alignment of minerals due to pressure. Nonfoliated metamorphic rocks, such as quartzite, lack pressure-induced layering and commonly form due to heat.

quartzite

Source Rocks
Rich in Organic Matter 7 10% of the total Weight (TOC) Enough thickness Example: Black shale Lacustrine Shale Coals Organic matter also known as Kerogen

Shale

Coal

The Rock Cycle - Interrelationships

The rock cycle illustrates the relationships between Earths internal and external processes and relates the formation of the major rock groups to external (weathering, transportation, deposition) and internal processes (melting, metamorphism).

The Rock Cycle - A Plate Tectonic Perspective

Plate movement drives the rock cycle and is responsible for the recycling of rocks from one major group to another. For example, heat and pressure generated along convergent boundaries may lead to melting of and metamorphism of rocks in the descending ocean plate and thereby lead to formation of new igneous and metamorphic rocks.

Petroleum Geology

Oil and gas origin

Inorganic VS Organic? Debated for many years Now most scientist agree on ORGANIC origin Oil forms from the decay and Transformation of dead organisms buried in sedimentary rocks

The study involved known as GEOCHEMISTRY

Geochemistry - Source Type (Organic Origin)

Riverine Input Dissolved Organic Materials Particulate Organic Materials Nutrients Primary production (Autotrophs) Nutrients (CO2, NO3, PO4) Dissolved Organic materials

Death Bacteria & Heterotrophs

Particulate Organic materials Flakes Sedimentation

Resuspension H2S Digenesis Kerogen

SOURCE ROCKS
T, Pressure

SEDIMENTS
T, Pressure
GAS

Adapted from Riboulleau (2000)

Discovering and Producing Petroleum

Interpreting the Unseen
Trap Source Charge (Migration) Tools - Gravity - Magnetics - Seismic - Wells (Drilling)

Petroleum Geology - Hydrocarbon Accumulation

Prerequisite: Source, Reservoir & Seal Process: Maturation, Migration & Implacement (Trap)

Fault

Seals Hydrocarbon accumulation

Migration Seals Migration Carrier beds Expulsion Top of Maturity Mature SRx in 'Kitchen Area' Immature SRx Source Rocks

What are the techniques to find this accumulation?

Petroleum Geology - Hydrocarbon Maturation

Hydrocarbon maturity
Max: paleo-temp (C)

Hydrocarbon product Biogenic methane

0 1
immature

60

2 3
initial maturity (zone of oil generation)
80

Depth (km)

Oil
115

4 5
mature & post mature (high temp. methane)

130

165 180

Condensate/Wet gas High temp. methane (Dry gas)

6
Heavy Hydrocarbon Light Hydrocarbon Methane

Petroleum System Elements

Source Rock - A rock with abundant hydrocarbon-prone
organic matter

Reservoir Rock - A rock in which oil and gas accumulates:

- Porosity - space between rock grains in which oil accumulates - Permeability - passage-ways between pores through which oil and gas moves

Seal Rock - A rock through which oil and gas cannot move
effectively (such as mudstone and claystone)

Migration Route - Avenues in rock through which oil and gas

moves from source rock to a trap

Trap - The structural and stratigraphic configuration that

focuses oil and gas into an accumulation

EXPLORATION TECHNIQUES:
EXPLORATION METHODS

Tools - Gravity - Magnetics - Seismic - Wells (Drilling)

DIRECT (Surface)

GEOLOGICAL

GEOPHYSICAL

GEOCHEMICAL

Seepages

Aerial photographs Surface Mapping Subsurface Mapping Remote Sensing

Gravimetric

Surface

Outcrops

Magnetic

Seismic

Electrical

Hydrocarbon Trap Types

Anticline

Fault Pinchout

Salt Dome

Unconformity

American Petroleum Institute, 1986

Seismic Image of Anticline - example

1000

Milliseconds

2000

3000
1 km

Seismic Image of Anticline - interpretation

1000

Milliseconds

2000

3000
1 km

Structure can be identified from seismic data

Seismic Image of the field 3D example

source Hydrophones streamers

Faults

Salt Dome

Faults

Electromagnetics Sea Bed Logging

SBL is a marine electromagnetic method that has the ability to map the subsurface resistivity remotely from the seafloor. SBL uses a mobile horizontal electric dipole (HED) source transmitting a low frequency electromagnetic signal and an array of seafloor electric field receivers. In theory a hydrocarbon filled reservoir will typically have high resistivity compared with shale and a water filled reservoirs. SBL therefore has the unique potential of distinguishing between a hydrocarbon filled and a water filled reservoir and integrated with 3D seismic data can be a powerful tool in identifying HC prospects.

Industry Geoscience Careers:

Geophysics Provides an image of the subsurface and data useful for predicting rock type and the occurrence of petroleum. Regional Geology Provides an understanding of which areas are productive, why they are productive, and where else we should look. Basin Modeling Quantitative integrated models of the petroleum system: source, reservoir, seal, hydrocarbon charge.

Exploration and Production

Structural Geology Provides an understanding of the process of deformation of the subsurface due to external forces.

Stratigraphy Provides an understanding of processes creating sedimentary units.

Geochemistry Chemistry of petroleum and its sources to characterize the type, history and origin of petroleum. Reservoir Characterization Describes the flow characteristics and attributes of subsurface reservoirs for enhanced exploitation.

Prospect Evaluation
In the area where all elements of hydrocarbon system are present: Source Rock Reservoir Rock Seal Rock/Cap Rock

Sufficient Charge
Traps How effective the Petroleum system of the area? Need to quantify how much you got and translate to $$$ for further evaluation

Prospect Evaluation Mapping

Prospect Evaluation Volume calculation

GRV (Gross Rock Volume)
Well 1 Well 2

Oil
OWC

water
GR Res GR Res OWC

Net Sand Net Oil Sand

H H

Gross interval thickness

Prospect Evaluation Volume calculation

BULK VOLUME (GBV) = A X H (A =AREA, H= HEIGHT) NET VOLUME (Vnet) = GBV X N/G (N/G = NET TO GROSS) PORE VOLUME (Vpore) = Vnet X P (P = POROSITY) HCPV or (Reservoir Volume) = Vpore X (1-Sw) (Sw = WATER SATURATION)

STOIIP(stb) = HCPV*1/Bo (Bo = Oil shrinkage factor or Formation volume factor) STOIIP = Stock Tank Oil Initially In Place UR(stb) = HCPV*1/Bo * Rec Factor UR = Ultimate Reserves or Recoverable Reserves Reserves(stb) = UR - Cummulative Production

Calculations must also include UNCERTAINTY in the Data

Prospect Evaluation Volume calculation & Uncertainty

1 ITERATION
Minimum Most Likely Maximum

Hydrocarbon Reserves: Terminology

Abbreviation STOIIP GIIP OOIP

Unit Barrel =MMSTB scf = Tcf/Bcf Barrel =MMSTB

Definition Stock Tank Oil Initially in-place Gas Initially in-place Oil Originally in-place (at Reservoir)

Proved reserves (1P) Proved + Probable reserves (2P) Proved + Probable + Possible reserves (3P) P50 reserves = 2P reserves

= Conservative = Realistic = Optimistic

Expectation curve - Resource Classification

120 150 190 100

Cumulative probability %

P(x)=85% Low

50

P(x)=50% Medium or Most Likely

C
0 0 100 200

P(x)=15% High
X 300 400

STOIIP (MMstb)

A = Proven B = Proven + Probable C = Proven + Probable + Possible EV = Proven + 2/3Probable + 1/3Possible

EV = Expected value

Petronas - Resource Classification '2005'

PRODUCTION
DISCOVERED PETROLEUM INITIALLY IN-PLACE

COMMERCIAL

TOTAL PETROLEUM INITIALLY IN-PLACE

RESERVES
PROVED PROVED + PROBABLE PROVED + PROBABLE + POSSIBLE

On Production Under Development Planned for Development Development Pending Development on-hold Development Not Viable

SUB-COMMERCIAL

CONTINGENT RESOURCES (CR)

LOW ESTIMATE (1C) BEST ESTIMATE (2C) HIGH ESTIMATE (3C)

UNRECOVERABLE PROSPECTIVE RESOURCES (PR)

LOW ESTIMATE (1U)
BEST ESTIMATE (2U) HIGH ESTIMATE (3U) Prospect Lead

UNDISCOVERED PETROLEUM INITIALLY INPLACE

Play

UNRECOVERABLE
RANGE OF UNCERTAINTY STATUS

Source: PETRONAS Definition and guideline for classification of Petroleum Resources 2005 Revision

HIGHER RISK ----> PROJECT MATURITY ----> LOWER RISK

Drilling
To prove that there is actual hydrocarbon present in the rocks!. Wildcat well: first well drilled for the prospect Appraisal well: the wells drilled to appraise the prospect (How much hydrocarbon there is) Dry well: The well that did not have any hydrocarbon present (Water wet, tight, shale out etcs) Shows: Some traces of hydrocarbon present but not enough to do further tests

Onshore Drilling Rig

Drilling equipment, tools and systems

Field Evaluation Formation evaluation Mud Logging Wellsite geologist / Mudlogger

Monitor and report the progress of the well while drilling: -Gas -ROP -Lithology -Oil stains -Bit, Casing, mud weight, deviation surveys Provides mud log report at the end of the drilling program

Field Evaluation - Wireline Logging

Logging unit Drilling Rig

Output: Well Logs

Well Bore

Sedimentary layers

Sonde

Field Evaluation -The Well Log

Wells are drilled to test our geological model (besides to find oil/gas, of course). Drilling gives direct access to subsurface geology, via samples (rocks an fluids), and wireline logs Many types of logs indirect determination of rock and fluid type.

Field Evaluation (Well Logs): Type of Logs

GR (Gamma Ray) Resistivity Log (ILD or MSFL) SP (Spontaneous Potential) Sonic Density Log Neutron Porosity Borehole Image Dipmeter Log + etcs.

Petrophysical Well Logs

Field Evaluation -Subsurface Sampling

Core Sidewall core Drill Cutting
To get Geological and Petrophysical information about the rocks: Age Depositional Environment Source Rocks Chemistry Porosity Minerals Cements Permeability Lithology

Core Bits

Subsurface Sampling Coring Process

Subsurface Sampling
Core
To determine: Porosity Horizontal permeability Grain density Grain size Mineralogy Petrography Fossils Sedimentary structures Special core Analysis Vertical permeability Relative permeability Capillary pressure Cementation Core Plug Saturation

Cores un-slabbed

Slabbed cores

MDT Tool

Field Evaluation (Drilling) Well test

Types: DST - Drill-stem test MDT - Modular Formation Dynamics Tester RFT - Repeat Formation Tester
To determine: Reservoir pressure Permeability Skin Productivity Data will have an impact on the producible volumes of Hydrocarbon for the field

DST Test in Action

Production : Well Head (Christmas Tree)

Christmas Tree:
An assembly of valves, spools and fittings for an oil well, named for its resemblance to a decorated tree, are used on both subsea (current technical limits are up to around 2000 to 2500 metres) and surface wellheads and both are available in a wide range of sizes and configurations, such as low- or high-pressure capacity and single- or multiple-completion capacity or horizontal or vertical in their primary valve bore axis.

Surface well head

Subsea well head

Production: Offshore Platform

Oil platforms are an industrial town at sea, carrying the personnel and equipment needed for continuous hydrocarbon production. Functions: Drilling Preparing water or gas for injection into the reservoir Processing the oil and gas before sending it ashore Cleaning the produced water for disposal into the sea. Power is generated on the platform to drive production equipment and support life. All production systems are constantly monitored for leaks, since oil and gas are hazardous and extremely flammable.

Production: Offshore Platform

North Sea

Qatar Gas

Integrated Production Platform complexes

Production: Offshore loading facilities

SBM Tower SBM Tower SBM Buoy

Production: Transportation of Hydrocarbon

Refining
An oil refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is processed and refined into more useful petroleum products, such as gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas. Oil refineries are typically large sprawling industrial complexes with extensive piping running throughout, carrying streams of fluids between large chemical processing units.

Crude oil is separated into fractions by fractional distillation. The fractionating column is cooler at the top than at the bottom because the fractions at the top have lower boiling points than the fractions at the bottom. The heavier fractions that emerge from the bottom of the fractionating column are often broken up (cracked) to make more useful products. All of the fractions are subsequently routed to other refining units for further processing.

Refining

CDU Crude Distillation Unit

Refinery

CDU during construction

Malaysia Refining Capacity: Melaka Refinery (Petronas) 126K b/d Melaka Refinery (Petronas&ConocoPhillips) 93K b/d Kerteh (Petronas) 40K b/d Port Dickson (Shell) 155K b/d Port Dickson (ExxonMobil) 86K b/d

Simple Diagram of Refinery Processes

Gas treatment Sulphur Recovery
H2 S

Sulphur

Crude Oil
Shorter Chain Molecules

H2 S

Desulphurisation

Platformer

Petrol Kerosene

Gas Oil

Diesel
Vacuum Gas Oil
Long Residue

Hyrdrocracker

Distillation
Long Chain Molecules

High Vacuum Separation

Waxy Distillate

Bitumen

Butane De-asphalting

Hydrogen

Hydrogen Manufacturing Unit

De-asphalted oil DAO

Roads

Asphalt

Fuel oil

Refinery Processes
To get high value products and profitability. The refinery employed several process to increase the amount of high value product: Typical processes includes: Hydrocracking Plat-forming (Platinum reforming) Hydrogen recovery Sulfur recovery GTL (gas to liquid) We can see some of these units within the refinery complexes built as a separate petrochemical plants that get their raw feedstock from the main refinery.

Refinery Processes
Detail Flow Diagram of a typical modern refinery

Hydrocracker

Examples of Modern Refinery Processes

FCC

CDU

Cat Reforming

Vacuum distillation unit

Materials and Products (Fuels)

Petroleum refineries produce a variety of components that are then used to blend refined products. Product blending is a critical source of flexibility and profitability for refining operations. Of great interest is the economic blending of gasoline. Gasoline is not a single product. Refiners blend hundreds of different specifications. In addition to the different grades of gasoline we all see at the retail pump, gasoline is subject to different specifications based on country, geographic location, season, humidity, altitude, and environmental regulations. This further complicates distribution systems with additional requirements for low sulfur, conventional, reformulated and oxygenated "boutique" blends. Key to good gasoline performance is octane, vapor pressure (Reid Vapor Pressure - RVP) and distillation range of the blend. A table of octane, RVP and specific gravity blending values for some typical gasoline blending components is given:

Gasoline components

MON motor octane Number RON research octane number

Materials and Products

Products from Petroleum: Fuel Raw material for Plastics Man made fibers Synthetic rubbers Lubricants Organic Chemicals Fertilizer feedstock's Bitumen Petroleum Industry byproducts: Sulfur Hydrogen Oxygen Helium Mercury CO2

Oil & Gas Exploration/Production: (HSE) issues

All production systems are constantly monitored for leaks, since oil and gas are hazardous and extremely flammable. Accidents can happen and could result in Millions in costs and environmental damage.

USA

CHINA
ALGERIA GOM IRAQ INDIA

Hydrocarbon Production

Hydrocarbon Producing countries

Hydrocarbon Usage

Hydrocarbon Importing countries

World Fuel Consumption: 1970-1994

8,00 0 7,00 0 6,00 0 5,00 0 4,00 0 3,00 0 2,00 0 1,00 0 0
Oil Natural Gas Nuclear Energy Hydroelectricity Coal

Million tonnes oil equivalent

1984

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1986

1988

1990

1992

Year

Cook and Sheath, 1997

1994

Crude Oil Prices: 2006-2007

Projected World Energy Supplies

US Energy Information Administration forecast World Oil Consumption is at about 87.45m barrels a day (in 2007) amounted to about 32 Billion barrels per year.

100

Careers in Oil & Gas Hydroelectric 1993 Remain Important

Solar , Wind Geothermal

New Technologies

100 BILLION BARRELS

80 Billion Barrels of Oil

World Energy Demand

Coal Natural Gas

Nuclear Electric

60

40

Decreasing Fossil Fuels

20

Crude Oil

1900

1920

1940

1960

1980

2000

2020

2040

2060

2080

3000

Year

after Edwards, AAPG 8/97

Proved Oil Reserves (by area - end 1998)

The worlds proved oil reserves continue to be dominated by the Middle East which holds 64% of the total.

Europe
North America

Former Soviet Union

85.1

20.7

65.4
Middle East

673.7
S. & Cent. America
Billion barrels

Africa

Asia Pacific

75.4

89.5

43.1

Hydrocarbon Reserves

Proved Oil Reserves (Middle East Selected fields)

IRAQ
NAHR UMR RUMAILA ZUBAIR SUBA TUBA RACHI RAUDHATAIN SAFWAN SABRIYA HENDIJAN BAHRGANSAR NOWRUZ KILUR KARIM BINAK GULKHARI ABOUZAR DOROOD SOROOSH NARGESI SADAT ABAD 1 SARVESTAN BUSHGAN DALAN AGHAR GACHSARAN SULABEDAR DOHQUAIN

RUMAILA:10 Bbbl
AZADEGAN AGHA JARI PARSI RAMSHIR RAG-E-SAFIQ

AZADEGAN:24 Bbbl CHILUNGAR GACHSARAN: 50 Bbbl

RUDAK-MILATUN

BAHRAH KHASHMAN MINAGISH UMM GUDAIR RIMTHAN RUWARIS SADAWI 1 DIBDIBAH

KUWAIT
BURGAN WAFRA DORRA HOUT KHAFJI ZULUF

BURGAN: 55 Bbbl LULU

MARJAN

KUH-E-KAKI KUH-I-MAND

JAUF SHARAR

MAHARAH SAFANIYALAWHAH MANIFA KURAYN KHURSANIYAH

IRAN
VARAVI

SUBAN HABARI WARI'AH WATBAN EL HABA

NAR SAFANIYAH: 19 Bbbl KARAN NORTH KANGAN PARS JANA ASSALUYEH SOUTH PARS QESHIM AL RAYYAN DAMMAM AL-SHAEEN BALAL GAVARZIN HENJAM

JYRAYBIAT ABU HADRIYA BAKR JALADI

BERRI SATER FADHILI QATIF ABU SA'FAH

SARKHUN SURU

ABQAIQ: 17 Bbbl
KHURAIS GHAWAR

JARAM

ABQAIQ

BAHRAIN
AWALI DUKHAN

NORTH FIELD

AL-KHALIJ

MAYDAN MAHZAM

North Dome/South BUKHA SALEH Pars: 900+ TcfFATEH MUBAREK FARZAM SALIM
HAMIDIYAH MOVEYEID SAJAA KAHAIF MARGHAM

QATAR SAUDI ARABIA

NOSRAT BUL HANINEFALAH UMM NASR RASHID SHAIF MANDOUS UMMA DHOLOU AL KARKARA BUNDUQ 1 1

UAE

GHAWAR: 70 Bbbl

OMAN

Ghawar Field (Super Giant)

Largest Oil field in the world
Discovered 1948 Onstream since 1951 Water Injection since 1965 Produces about 5 Mil bbl/D*
*(6.5% of world daily production)

115 Bbbl with RF 60%

Area Size: 174 x 16 Miles

Shaybah field (KSA)

Last giant field in KSA Discovered in 1967 On-stream 1998 with EOR Produces about 0.5 Mil bbl/D

20 Bbbl

Proved and Speculative Hydrocarbon (by country)

Proved oil reserves
Billion Bbl (inc c onde nsa te ) 0 50 100 150 200 250 259 180 113 94 92 90 78 60 30 24 22 18 15 9 6 5 5 300
0 200 400 600 800

Proved gas reserves

Tc f 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 1680 812 509 224 212 183 160 148 124 110 93 90 89 77 71 66 65 60 59

Saudi Arabia Canada Iraq Kuwait UAE Iran Venezuela Russia Libya Nigeria USA China Qatar Algeria Oman Angola Indonesia

Russia Iran Qatar Saudi Arabia UAE USA Algeria Venezuela Nigeria Iraq Indonesia Australia Malaysia Norway Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Kazakhtan Canada Egypt

Speculative oil resource

Billion Bbl 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 136 115 84 67 55 51 51 43 25 24 23 23 17 17 15 14 11 10 10 10 160
Russia Saudi Arabia USA Iran Turkmenistan Brazil Norway Nigeria Iraq Australia Indonesia China Greenland Kazakhtan Azerbaijan Malaysia Mexico Algeria UAE 120 109 108 86 81 72 68 50 49 49 45 123 208 194 183 0 200

Speculative gas resource

Tc f 400 600 800 1000 1200 1169 681 527 315 1400

Saudi Arabia Russia USA Iran Brazil Iraq Greenland Nigeria Kazakhtan Venezuela Mexico Norway Angola China Surinam Turkmenista Australia Indonesia UAE Algeria

source: EIA, 2001

Historical data & Future Forecasts: possible peak-oil

Global cumulative discovery/yr

OFFSHORE

ONSHORE

What happen if we ran out of oil?. Humans will find alternative energy sources..

Public Transport in 2050?

THANK YOU

www.orogenic.com.my info@orogenicgroup.com or munif@orogenicgroup.com

DISCLAIMER: Whilst the information and interpretation presented here are believed to be correct, no representation or warranty, express or implied, is made as to the completeness, accuracy or fairness of any information contained in this presentation and no responsibility is accepted in relation to such information, whether fact or whether opinion or conclusion that may be drawn. Any decisions based on information contained in this presentation are the responsibility of the reader.