Classification of Medically Important Viruses

Dr Zakuan Zainy Deris

M.D (USM), M.Path (Microbiology), FADUSM Lecturer/Clinical Microbiologist

Objectives
Know the defination of virus, virusoid and prion Know the example of medically important viruses Know the different classification of the virus Know how the virus classify

Viruses
Smallest infectious agents (20nm-300nm) Consist of one kind of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) Surrounded by one or more proteins Some have outer membrane envelope -lipid Do not have ribosomes or enzymes Obligate intracellular parasites
Inert in extracellular environment Replicate only in living cells (parasites at genetic level)

 Virusoid Nucleic acids that need the helper viruses virus-like particles. E.g.: Hepatitis D delta agent Viroids molecules of naked, cyclical, small RNAs and restricted to plants Prions Abnormal proteins that can spread from cell to cells and changes the normal cellular protiens disrupts the normal cell functions. E.g.: CJD, BSE, Kuru

Term used in virology

Capsid The protein shell Envelope A lipid-containing membrane that surrounds some virus particle Nucleocapsid The protien-nucleic acid complex representing the package from the viral genome Virion The complete virus particle Defective virus a virus particle that is functionally deficiency in some aspect of replication

Example of Virus

RNA

Glycoprotien Capsid

History
The first classification of viruses as a group distinct from other microorganisms was based on their capacity to pass through filters of a small pore size (filterable agents). Initial subclassifications were based primarily on pathologic properties such as specific organ tropism (e.g., hepatitis viruses) or common epidemiologic features such as transmission by arthropod vectors (e.g., arboviruses).

Classification
Current classification systems are based on 1. The type and structure of the viral nucleic acid and the strategy used in its replication, 2. The type of symmetry of the virus capsid (helical versus icosahedral), and 3. The presence or absence of a lipid envelope

The Nucleic Acid

Viral RNA

Capsid

Icosahedral Capsid

HELICAL CAPSID

Viral envelope

ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS (HSV)

Other properties has bee used for classification

Virion morphology size, shape Physiologycal properties of the virion molecular mass, pH stability, thermal stability and susceptible to physical and chemical agents Other viral genome properties size of NA, strandedness, linear or circular, segment Viral protein properties number, size, function, structure, amino acid sequence Antigenic properties

Virus Toxonomy
A system to separate the virus to major group Families (suffix -viridae) based on virion morphology, genome structure and strategies of replication Genera (suffix -virus) based on physicochemical and serologic differences

Nuclei c acid core

DNA

Capsid Symmet ry
Icosahed ral

Virion

Ether sensitivi ty
Resistant

No of capso meres
32 72 252 180 162

Size (nm)
18-26 45-55 80-110 40-48 150-200 230X400

Size of NA (kb)
5.6 5-8 36-38 3.2 124-235 130-375 7.2-8.4 7.2-7.9 7.4-7.7 16-27 9.7-11.8 9.5-12.5 10-14 20-30 7-11 11-21 10-13.6 16-20 13-16 8.5-10.5 19.1

Type of NA
ss ds circular ds ds circular ds ds ss ss ss ds segment ss ss ss segment ss ss diploid ss segment ss segment ss ss ss Ss

Virus Family

Naked

Enveloped

Sensitive

Parvoviridae Papovaviridae Adenoviridae Hepadnaviridae Herpesviridae Poxviridae Picornaviridae Astroviridae Caliciviridae Reoviridae Togaviridae Flaviviridae Arenaviridae Coronaviridae Retroviridae Bunyaviridae Orthomyxoviridae Paramyxoviridae Rhabdoviridae Bornaviridae Filoviridae

Complex RNA Icosahed ral

Complex coats Naked

Resistant Resistant 32 32 132 42

Enveloped Unknown or complex Enveloped

Sensitive Sensitive

28-30 28-30 27-38 60-80 50-70 45-60 50-300 80-220 80-100 80-120 80-120 150-300 75X180 80-125 80X1000

Helical

Enveloped

Sensitive

Classification of Viruses RNA-Containing Viruses

Family Picornaviridae Astroviridae Caliciviridae Example Poliovirus Astrovirus Norwalk virus Type of Nucleic Acid SS (+) RNA SS (+) RNA SS (+) RNA Genome Size (Kb or Kb Pairs) 78 78 8 Envelo pe No No No I I I Capsid Symmetry

Togaviridae
Flaviviridae Coronaviridae

Rubella virus
Yellow fever virus

SS (+) RNA
SS (+) RNA

1012
1012 2033

Yes
Yes Yes

I
P H

Coronavirus SS (+) RNA

Rhabdoviridae
Paramyxovirid ae Filoviridae

Rabies virus
Measles virus Ebola virus

SS () RNA
SS () RNA SS () RNA

1316
1516 19

Yes
Yes Yes

H
H H

RNA-Containing Viruses (Cont)

Family Example Type of Nucleic Acid Genome Size (Kb or Kb Pairs) Envelo pe Capsid Symmetry

Arenaviridae

Lymphocytic choriomenin gitis virus

2 circular SS (ambisense) RNA segments 3 circular SS (ambisense) RNA segments 8 SS () RNA segments * 1012 DS RNA segments 2 identical SS (+) RNA segments

57

Yes

Bunyaviridae California encephalitis virus Orthomyxovi ridae Reoviridae Influenza virus Rotavirus

1023

Yes

1215

Yes

1830

No

Retroviridae

HIV-1

711

Yes

Icapsid H nucleocapsid

DNA-Containing Viruses
Family Hepadnavirida e Example Hepatitis B virus Type of Nucleic Acid Circular DS DNA with SS portions Genome Size (Kb or Kb Pairs) 3 Envelope Yes Capsid Symmetry I

Parvoviridae

Human parvovirus B19

JC virus Human papillomavirus Adenovirus Herpes simplex virus Vaccinia virus

SS (+) or () DNA
Circular DS DNA Circular DS DNA Linear DS DNA Linear DS DNA Linear DS DNA with covalently closed ends

No

Polyomavirida e Papillomavirid ae Adenoviridae Herpesviridae Poxviridae

5 8 3042 120220 130375

No No No Yes Yes

I I I I Complex