Introduction

What is a Digital Image? What is Digital Image Processing? Advantages over analog image Processing

Main aim of digital image processing

Improvement of image data for human interpretation Processing of image data for storage and transmission

Applications
Medicine, Forensics, Remote sensing, Newspaper, Communications

Chapter 1
DIGITAL IMAGE FUNDAMENTALS AND IMAGE TRANSFORMS

Fundamental steps in DIP

Components of an Image Processing system

Storage 1.Short term 2.Online 3.Archival

Digital Image Types : Intensity Image

Intensity image or monochrome image each pixel corresponds to light intensity normally represented in gray scale (gray level).

Gray scale values

10 10 16 28 9 6 26 37 15 25 13 22 32 15 87 39

Digital Image Types : RGB Image

Color image or RGB image: each pixel contains a vector representing red, green and blue components.

RGB components
10 10 16 28 70 56 43 9 65 6 26703756 78 32 99 54 96 67 15 25 67 6013902296 21 54 47 42 32 15 87 39 85 85 43 92 54 65 65 39 32 65 87 99

Image Types : Binary Image

Binary image or black and white image Each pixel contains one bit : 1 represent white 0 represents black

Binary data
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1

Sampling and Quantization

Sampling and Quantization

Representing Digital images

Spatial domain Spatial variables or coordinates M,N,L=2k b = M x N x k k-bit image Brightness and Contrast

(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

Brightness and Contrast

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Spatial & Intensity Resolution

Spatial resolution-smallest discernible detail in an image Intensity resolution-smallest discernible change in intensity level

Spatial Resolution

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Intensity Resolution

256

128

64

32

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Intensity Resolution
16

2
15

Isopreference curve
Nk plane (N : spatial resolution, k : graylevel resolution)

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Interpolation
Nearest neighbor interpolation Bilinear Interpolation Bicubic Interpolation

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Bilinear interpolation
Use 4 nearest neighbors to estimate the intensity at a given location. v(x,y))=ax+by+cxy+d v(x,y) is the intensity value to be assigned to location (x, y) Coefficients a,b,c,d are assigned from 4 nearest neighbors.

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