Unit One.

Research and Development

Congress and the National Science Foundation

A) In Pairs discuss the questions:

In your country, which government department has responsibility for scientific research ? Conicyt 2. Which universities in your country have a strong reputation for scientific research? Universidad de Chile Universidad Catlica Universidad de Tarapac Universidad de Talca
1.

Congress and the National Science Foundation

B)

Read and complete the text using the words below.

universities, governments, industries, foundations FUNDING FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Scientific research requires substantial funding, specially when it involves the use of expensive equipment. This funding often comes directly from (1) _______. In the U.S. for example, it is federal government that sponsors most national defense and space exploration projects. Funding for science can also come from science (2) _________. In 1950, the U.S. Congress passed an act that stablished the National Science Foundation. This independent Federal Agency develops a National Science policy and supports scientific research and education. Two other well-known foundations that are involved in disease research are the American Cancer Society and the National Heart Association. Research is also conducted and supported by private-sector (3) _________ that employ scientists specially from the applied sciences who work in the development of the industrial or commercial processes and products. Scientific research is also supported by (4) _________ through professorships . Most professors do not just give classes but also conduct scientific research. Indeed, what many professors are looking for is the opportunity to work at the university where they can continue their own research. These are the professors whose students have the chance to observe real research at firsthand. Most universities specialize in certain fields and they are frequently judged on the achievements of their research professors. Scientists whose research findings are published and talked about in scientific circles bring prestige to the institution where they work.

Congress and the National Science Foundation

B) Read and complete the text using the words below.
FUNDING FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

Scientific research requires substantial funding, specially when it involves the use of expensive equipment. This funding often comes directly from (1) governments In the U.S. for example, it is federal government that sponsors most national defense and space exploration projects. Funding for science can also come from science (2) foundations. In 1950, the U.S. Congress passed an act that stablished the National Science Foundation. This independent Federal Agency develops a National Science policy and supports scientific research and education. Two other well-known foundations that are involved in disease research are the American Cancer Society and the National Heart Association. Research is also conducted and supported by private-sector (3) industries_ that employ scientists specially from the applied sciences who work in the development of the industrial or commercial processes and products. Scientific research is also supported by (4) universities through professorships . Most professors do not just give classes but also conduct scientific research. Indeed, what many professors are looking for is the opportunity to work at the university where they can continue their own research. These are the professors whose students have the chance to observe real research at firsthand. Most universities specialize in certain fields and they are frequently judged on the achievements of their research professors. Scientists whose research findings are published and talked about in scientific circles bring prestige to the institution where they work.

Congress and the National Science Foundation

C) Read the text again and find the words that mean the same as the following phrases: 1. Very large: _________ (paragraph 1) 2. A law passed by parliament, congress, etc.: _________ (paragraph 2) 3. Use the services of someone or something: _________ (paragraph 3) 4. Respect and admiration for someone or something of high quality: ________ (paragraph 4) 5. One who assumes responsibility for another person or a group during a period of instruction, apprenticeship, or probation: ________ (paragraph 1) 6. A sum of money or other resources set aside for a specific purpose: _________ (paragraph 2)

Congress and the National Science Foundation

C) Read the text again and find the words that mean the same as the following phrases: 1. Very large: substantial (paragraph 1) 2. A law passed by parliament, congress, etc.: act (paragraph 2) 3. Use the services of someone or something: employ (paragraph 3) 4. Respect and admiration for someone or something of high quality: prestige (paragraph 4) 5. One who assumes responsibility for another person or a group during a period of instruction, apprenticeship, or probation: sponsor (paragraph 1) 6. A sum of money or other resources set aside for a specific purpose: funding (paragraph 2)

Congress and the National Science Foundation

D) In pairs, discuss and write definitions for the following terms from the text. Use the dictionary to help you. 1. the federal government 2. at first hand 3. the private sector 4. research findings 5. the applied sciences 6. in scientific circles

Congress and the National Science Foundation

D) 1. the federal government: a government with strong central powers 2. at firsthand: directly 3. the private sector: an area of the market that is not managed by the state 4. research findings: results from scientific activity 5. the applied sciences: science used for practical purposes 6. in scientific circles: among a community related to science

Congress and the National Science Foundation

Read the last two paragraphs of the text again and complete these sentences: 1. In paragraph 3, line 2, the pronoun that refers to _______ 2. In paragraph 3, line 4, the pronoun who refers to _______ 3. In paragraph 4, line 4, the pronoun what refers to _______ 4. In paragraph 4, line 6, the pronoun where refers to _______ 5. In paragraph 4, line 8, the pronoun whose refers to _______

Congress and the National Science Foundation

Read the last two paragraphs of the text again and complete these sentences: 1. In paragraph 3, line 2, the pronoun that refers to private-sector industries 2. In paragraph 3, line 4, the pronoun who refers to scientist 3. In paragraph 4, line 4, the pronoun what refers to opportunity 4. In paragraph 4, line 6, the pronoun where refers to university 5. In paragraph 4, line 8, the pronoun whose refers to professors

Congress and the National Science Foundation

Relative clauses

A relative clause is a subordinate clause that begins with a question word (e.g. who, which, where) or the word that. You can use it to modify a noun or pronoun (i.e. to identify or give more information about it). Students who can develop independent learning skills often achieve good academic results. There is a new book that investigates the controversy over political reforms in Hong Kong. A university is a place where people pursue advanced knowledge in specific academic disciplines. The lecture theatre in which the inauguration ceremony will be held is now being cleaned. Words like who, that and when are often referred to as relative pronouns when they are used to introduce relative clauses. You use: who for people, which for things, and that for both people and things. whom as the object of a relative clause (in more formal English), though it is increasingly common to replace it with who. whose to indicate possession, as a determiner before nouns. For example: Whats the name of the person who/that first landed on the moon? This is Dr. Perkins, whom we met at a conference in Canada last year. All students whose registration numbers begin with 374 should immediately go to the library for a tour.

Congress and the National Science Foundation

F) Read and complete the sentences with appropriate relative pronouns. The first one has been done for you. 1. It is the Ministry of Science and Education that decides where to allocate funds. 2. This is the professor _____ book is being published next month. 3. _____ students want is hands-on experience working on real research projects. 4. This is the place _____ decisions about funding are taken. 5. She is the sort of professor ____ encourages students to think for themselves. 6. This is the building _____ most of the research is carried out.

Congress and the National Science Foundation

F) Read and complete the sentences with appropriate relative pronouns. The first one has been done for you. 1. It is the Ministry of Science and Education that decides where to allocate funds. 2. This is the professor whose book is being published next month. 3. What students want is hands-on experience working on real research projects. 4. This is the place where decisions about funding are taken. 5. She is the sort of professor who encourages students to think for themselves. 6. This is the building where most of the research is carried out.

Congress and the National Science Foundation

EXERCISE (2): Choose one of the following relative pronouns who, which or whose to complete the sentences below. I talked to the girl ___________car had broken down in front of the shop 2) Mr Richards, _____________is a taxi driver, lives on the corner. 3) We often visit our aunt in Norwich _____________is in East Anglia. 4) This is the girl ___________comes from Spain. 5) That's Peter, the boy ___________has just arrived at the airport. 6) Thank you very much for your e-mail ____________was very interesting. 7) The man, ____________father is a professor, forgot his umbrella. 8) The children, _______________shouted in the street, are not from our school. 9) The car, ______________driver is a young man, is from Ireland. 10) What did you do with the money ___________your mother lent you?
1)

Congress and the National Science Foundation

EXERCISE (2): Choose one of the relative pronouns who, which or whose to complete the sentences below.
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10)

I talked to the girl whose car had broken down in front of the shop. Mr Richards, who is a taxi driver, lives on the corner. We often visit our aunt in Norwich which is in East Anglia. This is the girl who comes from Spain. That's Peter, the boy who has just arrived at the airport. Thank you very much for your e-mail which was very interesting. The man, whose father is a professor, forgot his umbrella. The children, who shouted in the street, are not from our school. The car, whose driver is a young man, is from Ireland. What did you do with the money which / that your mother lent you?

Congress and the National Science Foundation

EXERCISE (3): Join the following sentences to make one sentence using a relative pronoun when necessary.

There's the boy. He broke the window. The film star gave a party. It cost $10,000

______________________________ ______________________________

That's the palace. The Queen lives in it.

______________________________

They are the policemen. They caught the thief. ______________________________ I gave her a watch. It stopped after two days. ______________________________ My car was very expensive. It's a Mercedes. You're reading a book. I wanted to read it. ______________________________ ______________________________

The Red Lion is a pub. We met in it for a drink. ______________________________ Here are the letters. They arrived this morning .______________________________ I met Mr Da Silva. He is President of Brazil. That's the house. I was born in it. Where is the lady? She ordered fish. ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________

Those are the cars. They only take unleaded petrol. ___________________________

Congress and the National Science Foundation

EXERCISE (3): Join the following sentences to make one sentence using a relative pronoun when necessary.

There's the boy. He broke the window. The film star gave a party. It cost $10,000 That's the palace. The Queen lives in it.

Theres the boy who broke the window The film star gave a party that cost $10,000 Thats the palace where the Queen lives

They are the policemen. They caught the thief. They are the policemen who caught the thief I gave her a watch. It stopped after two days. My car was very expensive. It's a Mercedes. You're reading a book. I wanted to read it. I gave her a watch that stopped after two days My car , which is a Mercedes, is very expensive Youre reading a book that I wanted to read

The Red Lion is a pub. We met in it for a drink. The Red Lion is a pub where we met for a drink Here are the letters. They arrived this morning Here are the letters that arrived this morning I met Mr Da Silva. He is President of Brazil. That's the house. I was born in it. Where is the lady? She ordered fish. I met Mr. Da Silva who is the President of Brazil Thats the house where I was born Wheres the lady that ordered the fish?

Those are the cars. They only take unleaded petrol.Those are the cars that only take underleaded petrol