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Telecommunications
Electronic transmission of signals for communications
Telecommunications medium
Any material substance that carries an electronic signal to support communications between a sending and receiving device
Telecommunications protocol
Defines set of rules that governs the exchange of information over a communications medium
PROTOCOL:
In information technology, a protocol is the special set of rules that end points in a telecommunication connection use when they communicate. On the Internet, there are the TCP/IP protocols, consisting of: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which uses a set of rules to exchange messages with other Internet points at the information packet level Internet Protocol (IP), which uses a set of rules to send and receive messages at the Internet address level Additional protocols that include the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and File Transfer Protocol (FTP), each with defined sets of rules to use with corresponding programs elsewhere on the Internet Wireless protocols, 802.11 - applies to wireless LANs and provides 1 or 2 Mbps transmission in the 2.4 GHz band (referred to as "Wi-Fi") Bluetooth A low-cost, short range wireless specification for connecting mobile products. It is best suited for connecting PDAs, cell phones and PCs over limited distances.
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Coaxial cable
Offers cleaner and crisper data transmission (less noise) than twisted-pair wire
Fiber-optic cable
Transmits signals with light beams
Bluetooth
Wireless communications specification that describes how cell phones, computers, personal digital assistants, etc., can be interconnected
Zigbee
Form of wireless communications frequently used in security systems and heating and cooling control systems
Bits per second (bps): unit of measure for bandwidth Baseband: carry only one transmission at a time Broadband: carry multiple transmissions simultaneously Wave Spectrum Electromagnetic Spectrum
Network Types
Personal area networks
Supports interconnection of information technology within a range of about 33 feet (Bluetooth)
Network Types
Network Types
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Client/Server Systems
Client/server architecture
Multiple computer platforms are dedicated to special functions
Client
Any computer that sends messages requesting services from the servers on the network
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CLIENT/SERVER A network architecture in which each computer or process on the network is either a client or a server. Servers are powerful computers or processes dedicated to managing disk drives (file servers), printers (print servers), or network traffic (network servers ). Clients are applications that run on a PC. Clients rely on servers for resources, such as files, devices, and even processing power. Another type of network architecture is known as a peer-to-peer architecture because each node has equivalent responsibilities. Both client/server and peer-to-peer architectures are widely used, and each has unique advantages and disadvantages. Client-server architectures are sometimes called two-tier architectures. CLIENT The client part of a client-server architecture. Typically, a client is an application that runs on a personal computer or workstation and relies on a server to perform some operations. For example, an e-mail client is an application that enables you to send and receive e-mail.
SERVERS
A server is a computer or device on a network that manages network resources. For example, a file server is a computer and storage device dedicated to storing files. Any user on the network can store files on the server. A print server is a computer that manages one or more printers, and a network server is a computer that manages network traffic. A database server is a computer system that processes database queries. Servers are often dedicated, meaning that they perform no other tasks besides their server tasks. On multiprocessing operating systems, however, a single computer can execute several programs at once. A server in this case could refer to the program that is managing resources rather than the entire computer.
Cloud Computing
o With cloud computing, businesses borrow computing power and storage from independent entities like Amazon. o The reason it is such a growing trend is that computing becomes more flexible and occurs at a lower cost to the business. o A business uses cloud-based applications through a web browser, mobile app or lightweight desktop. o Software and data are stored at a remote location. o Many cloud computing companies advertise themselves as a greener and more energy-efficient option. o Cloud servers can be up to 80 percent utilized, as opposed to traditional servers which are 25-30 percent utilized, resulting in fewer total servers needed.
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