University of Canberra Advanced Communications Topics

Television Broadcasting into the Digital Era

Lecture 4 DTTB Types Digital Modulation Systems by: Neil Pickford

Digital Terrestrial TV - Layers

. . . provide clean interface points. . . .

Picture Layer

1920 x 1080 1280 x 720 50,25, 24 Hz

Multiple Picture Formats and Frame Rates

Video Compression Layer

Data Headers

Motion Vectors

Chroma and Luma DCT Coefficients

Variable Length Codes Packet Headers

MPEG-2 compression syntax ML@MP or HL@MP

Flexible delivery of data

Video packet Aux data

Transport Layer

Video packet

Audio packet

MPEG-2 packets

Transmission Layer
2

VHF/UHF TV Channel
7 MHz

COFDM / 8-VSB

Digital Television Encode Layers

Control Data

Video Picture Coding

MPEG-2

Data Data Coding

Sound Audio Coding

MPEG-2 or AC-3

Control Data

Program 1 Multiplexer

MPEG Transport Stream Mux

Program 2
Other Data Control Data

Program 3 Bouquet Multiplexer

Service Mux

MPEG Transport Data Stream 188 byte packets

Control Data

Modulator & Transmitter Delivery System

Error Protection

Digital Television Decode Layers

Mon Data Speakers

MPEG-2

Picture Decoder

Data Decoder MPEG Transport Stream De-Multiplexer

Audio Decoder

MPEG or AC-3

Transport Stream

MPEG DeMux

Demodulator & Receiver Delivery

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Error Control

System

Set top Box (STB) - Interfacing

Domestic and Professional interfaces still to be defined Most probably Transport Stream via IEEE 1394 (Firewire) Baseband Audio & RGB/YUV Video signals. STB can convert between line standards so you do not have to have a HD display. Display and transmitted information must be at same Frame/Field rate. (25/50)

DTTB - Content & Services

DTTB was designed to carry video, audio and program data for television DTTB can carry much more than just TV

Electronic

program guide, teletext Broadband multimedia data, news, weather Best of internet service Interactive services Software updates, games

Services can be dynamically reconfigured

DVB Data Containers

MPEG Transport Stream is used to provide DVB data containers which may contain a flexible mixture of:
Video Audio Data

services

Streams with variable data rate requirements can be Statistically Multiplexed together.
Allows

Six 2 Mb/s programs to be placed in a 8 Mb/s

channel
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Examples of DVB Data Containers

Channel bandwidth can be used in different ways:
SDTV 1 SDTV 2

SDTV 3 SDTV 4 SDTV 5 Multiple SDTV programs

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HDTV 1

HDTV 1 SDTV 1

Single HDTV program

Simulcast HDTV & SDTV

Video Program Capacity

For a payload of around 19 Mb/s
1

HDTV service - sport & high action 2 HDTV services - both film material 1 HDTV + 1 or 2 SDTV non action/sport 3 SDTV for high action & sport video 6 SDTV for film, news & soap operas However you do not get more for nothing. More services means less quality
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Spare Data Capacity

Spare data capacity is available even on a fully loaded channel. Opportunistic use of spare data capacity when available can provide other non real time data services. Example: 51 second BMW commercial

The Commercial was shown using 1080 Lines Interlaced. 60 Mb of data was transferred during it. In the Final 3 seconds the BMW Logo was displayed allowing 3 Phone Books of data to be transmitted.

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Enabling Technologies
Source

digitisation (Rec 601 digital studio) Compression technology (MPEG, AC-3) Data multiplexing (MPEG) Transmission technology (modulation) Display technology (large wide screens) Production

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Digital Television - Types

Terrestrial (DTTB)
DVB-T

/ 8-VSB Free to air TV (broadcasting) Narrowcasting/value added services Untethered - portable reception

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Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting - DTTB

Regional free to air television Replacement of current analog PAL broadcast television services Operating in adjacent unused taboo channels to analog PAL service Carries a range of services HDTV, SDTV, audio, teletext, data Providing an un-tethered portable service

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Transmission Technology
The transmission system is used to transport the information to the consumer. The system protects the information being carried from the transmission environment Current Australian analog television uses the PAL-B AM modulation system

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Digital TV Transmission Technology

The transmission system is a data pipe Transports data rates of around 20 Mb/s Transports data in individual containers called packets

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Digital TV Transmission Systems

Australia has been following Digital TV & HDTV Europeans - Digital SDTV - 8 MHz on UHF - DVB-T (COFDM) Americans - Digital HDTV - 6 MHz VHF/UHF - ATSC (8-VSB) Japanese - Integrated Broadcasting - ISDB (BST-OFDM)
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8-VSB - USA

Developed by the advance television systems committee - ATSC Developed for use in a 6 MHz channel
A

7 MHz variant is possible but has not been produced.

Uses a single carrier with pilot tone 8 level amplitude modulation system Single Payload data rate of 19.39 Mb/s Relies on adaptive equalisation Existing AM technology highly developed

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COFDM - Europe

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Developed by the digital video broadcasting project group - DVB Uses similar technology to DRB Uses 1705 or 6817 carriers Variable carrier modulation types are defined allowing Payload data rates of 5-27 Mb/s in 7 MHz Developed for 8 MHz channels
A

7 & 6 MHz variants have been produced and tested.

Can use single frequency networks - SFNs New technology with scope for continued improvement & development

ISDB - Japan
Japanese are developing integrated services digital broadcasting (ISDB) System integrates all forms of broadcasting services into one common data channel which can be passed by satellite, cable or terrestrial delivery systems Video services

Sound

services Bulk data services Interactive data services

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ISDB - Concept

Proposed to use band segmented transmission orthogonal frequency division multiplex (BST-OFDM)

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Terrestrial Transmission Problems

Multipath

interference - ghosts Noise interference - snow Variable path attenuation - fading Interference to existing services Interference from other services Channel frequency assignment where to place the signal

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Digital Modulation - Functions

Spreads

the data evenly across the channel Distributes the data in time Maintains synchronisation well below data threshold Employs sophisticated error correction. Equalises the channel for best performance

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Digital Modulation

Two techniques: Conventional Single Carrier

8VSB

Multicarrier/Spread

Spectrum

OFDM

8-VSB & COFDM - Spectrum

8-VSB COFDM

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Sin(x)/x

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Digital Modulation
Spectrum of Conventional Multi-Phase Keyed Carrier Fc at Symbol Rate Fs

Amplitude, dB

Sin X/X shaping

Frequency
Fc - Fs Fc Fc + Fs

Digital Modulation
Low Symbol Rate Medium Symbol Rate High Symbol Rate

Amplitude, dB

Frequency

PSK
Digital Information

Phase Shift Keying Modulation

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BPSK Modulation

0
180 Deg Phase Change

I AXIS

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QPSK Modulation
Q AXIS 10
QPSK Distance

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I AXIS

00

01

30

16QAM Modulation
Q AXIS
16-QAM Distance
1110 1111

10
1100

11
1101

I AXIS
0010 0011

00
0000 0001

01

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8VSB Modulation
Q AXIS
16-QAM Distance
1110 1111

10
1100

11
1101

I AXIS
0010 0011

00
0000 0001

01

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Hierarchical Modulation
Hierarchical Distance

Q AXIS

1110

1111

10
1100

11
1101

QPSK Distance

I AXIS

0010

0011

00
0000
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01
0001

Digital Modulation
Amplitude
Typical Filtered Spectrum to give about half original bandwidth
Occupied Channel Bandwidth

Frequency
Fc - Fs Fc Fc + Fs

8-VSB Digital Modulation

Application of Vestigial Sideband Filter to give reduced spectral occupancy BUT with destruction of pure Amplitude modulation causing incidental Phase modulation but some power in a small carrier

Amplitude
Occupied Channel Bandwidth eg 6 MHz in US

Frequency
Fc - Fs Fc Fc + Fs
8VSB uses symbol Rate with period 93 nanoseconds

Normal FDM
Guard Band Amplitude, dB

Carrier 1

Carrier 2

Frequency

Traditional SCPC Modulation

Minimum Carrier Spacing

Frequency
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Orthogonal Modulation
Amplitude, dB

Frequency

Orthogonal Modulation
Amplitude, dB

Frequency

COFDM - Orthogonal Carriers

Frequency
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Spectrum of COFDM DTTB

Carrier Spacing 2k Mode 3.91 kHz 8k Mode 0.98 kHz

Almost Rectangular Shape

1705 or 6817 Carriers

6.67 MHz in 7 MHz Channel
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OFDM
Occupied bandwidth is: No. of Carriers x Spectral Width. Create with FFT

Amplitude, dB

Spectral Width

Fcentre

Frequency

2k is 4x wider than 8k

DIGITAL TERRESTRIAL BROADCASTING

Among the four Digital Broadcasting standards available, three are based on the Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex modulation.... Why ?

Distant transmitter

Nearest transmitter

The Terrestrial Broadcasting has to cope with multipath propagation and Doppler effects: COFDM is the response for these impairments !

COFDM : HOW ?

1 - Organize time & frequency partitions in the RF channel

time RF Channel bandwidth frequency sub-band

time segment

frequency

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COFDM : HOW ?

2 - Spread sub-carriers over time vs frequency cells

time

OFDM symbol
frequency

Make sub-carriers orthogonal to avoid inter-carriers interference

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COFDM : HOW ?

3 - Insert Guard Interval to avoid inter-symbol interference

Guard Interval duration Useful symbol duration

time

OFDM symbol
frequency

Guard interval introduces a first loss in transport capacity

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COFDM : HOW ?

4 - Insert Synchronization Pilots Helps Receivers to lock onto the signal

OFDM Frame
(68 OFDM symbols)

time

frequency

FFT time windows for receivers

Synchronization markers introduce the second loss 47 in transport capacity

COFDM : HOW ?

5 - Prepare data to be carried on OFDM symbols

DATA to broadcast

Protected DATA (convolutionnal error protection codes)

time

frequency

Protection codes introduce the third loss in transport capacity

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COFDM : HOW ?

6 - Map bits onto OFDM: Spread contiguous data bits over distant sub-carriers
DATA to broadcast

Protected DATA
0 1 0 0

time

frequency

Create frequency diversity to improve robustness against fading

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DTTB - Channel Estimation

The Terrestrial transmission channel is continuously varying (position & time) Variations occur in Amplitude, Phase & Frequency To correct for this variation Information needs to be added to the transmission to quantify the channels response at any instant Equalisers in the Digital receiver use this information to remove these transmission impairments

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Data Multiplex - 8-VSB

4 828 Symbols
Field Sync #1

313 Segments

S e g m e n t S y n c

Data + FEC

24.2 ms

Field Sync #2

313 Segments

Data + FEC

24.2 ms

Test Segment

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1 Segment = 77.3 us

8-VSB Segment Sync & Data

+7 +5 +3 +1 -1 -3 -5 -7
Levels Before Pilot Addition (Pilot=1.25) Data Segment SYNC

Data + FEC

Data Segment SYNC

4 Symbols

828 Symbols 207 Bytes Data Segment 832 Symbols 208 Bytes

4 Symbols

Symbol Duration 93 ns
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Digital Modulation - 8-AM

7

Before Equaliser

6 5 4 3 2 1 0

After Equaliser

8-VSB - Coaxial Direct Feed through Tuner on Channel 8 VHF 3 Bits/Symbol

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8-VSB - Field Sync

Precode* 832 Symbols

+7 +5 +3 +1 -1 -3 -5 -7

PN511

PN63 PN63 PN63 VSB Mode

Reserved

Sync

Levels Before Pilot Addition (Pilot=1.25)

4 Symbols

511 Symbols

63 63 24 63 Sym- Sym- Sym- Symbols bols bols bols

104 Symbols

12 Symbols

* For trellis coded terrestrial 8 VSB the last 12 symbols of the previous segment are duplicated in the last 12 reserved symbols of the field sync.

Field Sync is Repeated Every 24 ms

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8-VSB - Field Sync

7

Before Equaliser

6 5 4 3 2 1 0

After Equaliser

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8-VSB Frame
832 Symbols per Data Segment S of 77.3 s
Training Sequence

313 Data Segments of 24.2 ms

Data
Training Sequence

y n c

Data

The Training Sequence is only 0.3% of signal time Total Sync is only 0.8% of time

DVB-T - Carriers + Pilots

0.977/3.906 kHz

Kmin

Kmax = 1704 for 2K or 6816 for 8K

Modulated Carriers Scattered Pilots

Kmax

SYMBOLS IN SEQUENCE - 68 PER BLOCK.

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DVB-T Super Frame

34 50

TPS Carriers

17/68 1512: 1705

Super Frame 4 x 68 Symbols Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3 Frame 4

48
58

in 2k 6048:

=
N MPEG Packets
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6817
in 8k 45/177

Fixed Pilots

Co- Incident with Scattered pilots

DVB-T Transmission Frame

Kmin=0

Carrier Spacing & Position 8k mode - 977 Hz - Kmax=6816 Kmax

2k mode - 3906 Hz - Kmax=1704

Data Scattered Pilot

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TPS - Pilot Continuous Pilot

Symbol Duration 256 us (2k) or 1024 us (8k)

DVB-T - Estimating the Channel

A A B=3/4A+1/4E C=1/2(A+E) D=1/4A+3/4E E A to E - 1.024 ms (2k) - 4.096 ms (8k) For a varying transmission channel DVB-T estimation is 23.5 times faster than ATSC

B C D E

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DVB-T - Estimating the Channel

AB C DE FG AB C DE FG
B=2/3A+1/3D C=1/3A+2/3D

E=2/3D+1/3G F=1/3D+2/3G
A to D - 11.724 kHz (2k) - 2.931 kHz (8k) For a varying transmission channel DVB-T estimation is 23.5 times faster than ATSC
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Channel Estimation & Equalisation ATSC

Time

DVB-T

Time

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Estimation Rate Comparison

ATSC Equaliser is updated every 24 ms (~260 000 symbols) DVB-T Equaliser is updated every symbol period (256 us). 1/12 of data carriers are pilots DVB-T Full Channel estimate is available every 4 symbols (1.024 ms) For a varying transmission channel DVB-T estimation is at least 23.5 times faster than ATSC

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OFDM - Features

Multicarrier - many carriers sharing Reduced C/N compared to Analogue Resistant to echoes, Interference etc Low symbol rate per carrier

~ 1 kBaud: Long Symbol Period, can Extend with Guard Interval

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With FEC becomes COFDM Uses Fast Fourier Transform [FFT]

2k and 8k versions

Single Frequency Networks [SFN]