AREXY VIOLERY

NISA AMELIA

ELIZABETHAN DRAMA

TRIO DIAH LESTARI

RIMA RUSMAYANTI

General Features
English Renaissance theatre, also known as early modern English theatre, refers to the theatre of England, largely based in London, which occured between 1567, when the first English theatre The Red Lion was opened; and the closure of the theatres in 1642. It includes the drama of William Shakespeare, Christoper Marlowe and many other famous playwrights.

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Under Elizabeth, the drama was a unified expression as far as social class was concerned: the Courtwatched the same plays the comoners saw in the public playhouses. By the later part of the reign of Charles I, few new plays were being written for the public theatres, which sustained themselves on the accumulated works of the previous decades.

QUEEN ELIZABETH 1

Performance
The acting companies functioned on a repertory system; unlike modern productions that can run for months or years on end, the troupes of this era rarely acted the same play two days in a row. Thomas Middleton's A Game at Chess ran for nine straight performances in August 1624 before it was closed by the authorities but this was due to the political content of the play and was a unique, unprecedented, and unrepeatable phenomenon.

Playwrights
The growing population of London, the growing wealth of its people, and their fondness for spectacle produced a dramatic literature of remarkable variety, quality, and extent. Although most of the plays written for the Elizabethan stage have been lost, over 600 remain.

Printed Texts
Only a minority of the plays of English Renaissance theatre were ever printed; of Heywood's 220 plays noted above, only about 20 were published in book form. A little over 600 plays were published in the period as a whole, most commonly in individual quarto editions. Larger collected editions, like those of Shakespeare's, Ben Jonson's, and Beaumont and Fletcher's plays, were a late and limited development.

Early texts of Shakespeare's works

The earliest texts Folios are large, tall of William volumes; quartos are Shakespeare's smaller, roughly half the works were published size (see Book size). during the 16th and 17th centuries in quarto or folio format.

Quarto
The Shakespeare Third Folio and the second Beaumont and Fletcher folio. All of these were quarto editions, with one exception: The True Tragedy of Richard Duke of York, the first edition of Henry VI, part 3, was printed in octavo form in 1594.

Folio
The folio format was reserved for expensive, prestigious volumes. During Shakespeare's lifetime, stage plays were not generally taken seriously as literature and not considered worthy of being collected into folios, so the plays printed while he was alive were printed as quartos.

Ben Jonson folios

The folio collections of Ben Jonson's works published in the seventeenth century were crucial developments in the publication of English literature and English Renaissance drama. The first folio collection, issued in 1616, treated stage plays as serious works of literature instead of popular ephemeraat the time, a controversial position.

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The first Jonson folio of In 1631 Jonson planned 1616, printed and a second volume to be published by William added to the 1616 folio, Stansby and sold a collection of laterthrough written works to be bookseller Richard published by Robert Meighen. Allot.

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Two folio collections of The second volume was Jonsonian works were edited by Jonson's issued in 1640-41. literary executor Sir Kenelm Digby, and The first, printed by published by Richard Richard Bishop for Meighen, in coAndrew Crooke, was a operation with 1640 reprint of the Chetwinde. 1616 folio with corrections and emendations.

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The 1692 single-volume Two other works by third folio was printed by Jonson were left out of Thomas Hodgkin and the 17th-century folios published by a syndicate but added to later of booksellersthe title editions. page lists H. Herringman, E. Brewster, T. Bassett, R. Chiswell, M. Wotton, and G. Converse.

Beaumont and Fletcher folios

The Beaumont and Fletcher folios were two large folio collections of the stage plays of John Fletcher and his collaborators. The first was issued in 1647, and the second in 1679. The two collections were important in preserving many works of English Renaissance drama.

History
Play

Others

Themes

Tragedy

Comedies

History Play
Shakespeare's plays about the lives of kings, such as Richard III and Henry V, belong to this category, as do Christopher Marlowe's Edward II and George Peele's Famous Chronicle of King Edward the First. History plays dealt with more recent events, like A Larum for London which dramatizes the sack of Antwerp in 1576.

Tragedy
Tragedy was an amazingly popular genre. The four tragedies considered to be Shakespeare's greatest.

Hamlet

Othello

King
Lear

Macbeth

Comedies
Comedies were common, too. A sub-genre developed in this period was the city comedy, which deals satirically with life in London after the fashion of Roman New Comedy. EXAMPLE
Thomas Dekkers Thomas Middletons

The Shoemakers Holiday

A Chaste Maid in Cheapside

Others
Pastoral (older)

Morality Play Four Plays in One

Masque

The Faithful Shepherdess

James I and Charles I

Language
The most interesting feature of Shakespeare is his use of language. It is even more amazing when one not only considers Shakespeare's rare formal education but the education standards of the day. There were no dictionaries. Grammar didn't appear until the 1700s. Shakespeare as a youth would have no more studied his own language than any educated man of the period.

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Despite this, Shakespeare is credited by the Oxford English Dictionary with the introduction of nearly 3,000 words into the language. His vocabulary, as used from his works, numbers upward of 17,000 words, 4x more than average. Although the Elizabethan language differs slightly from Modern English, the principles are generally the same.

EXAMPLE
wouldst thou have of me? I like thy face. I will go with thee. Thou art a rogue. I didst see him... The "st" ending is only for "thou". Wherefore means Why 'Whyfor' (a made up word. Use wherefore when you mean "why", and where when you mean "where) Mayhap is 'singular.'

Audience

Lower Class

Upper Class

Stages
By the late 1500's, Elizabethan plays were being performed in two kinds of theater buildings later called public and private theaters. Generally, the setting was unknown to the audience until the characters explained it with what they said. In addition, the main stage had no curtain so one scene could follow another quickly because there was no curtain to close and open and no scenery to change. The lack of scenery also allowed the action to flow.

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Public theaters were Private theaters were larger than private smaller, roofed ones and held at least structures. They had 2,500 people. They candlelight for evening were built around a performances. Private courtyard that had no theaters charged higher roof. Public theaters prices and were gave performances designed to get richer only during daylight people. hours because they had no lights.

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Although the stage didn't have much scenery, various props were used, such as thrones, swords, banners, rocks, trees, tables, and beds. But the plays weren't dull or boring. Acting companies spent a lot of money on colorful costumes, to produce visuals. Flashing swords and swirling banners also added color and excitement.

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Sound effects had an important part in Elizabethan drama. Trumpet and drum rolls were common. Sometimes weird sounds were created. Music also played an important role.

GLOBE

Costumes
Audiences also liked and expected long wordy speeches. Many of these speeches had little relation to the play. Otherwise, costumes would be recycled and used in multiple different plays multiple times until it was too worn to be used. Occasionally, a lead character would wear a conventionalized version of more historically accurate garb, but secondary characters would nonetheless remain in contemporary clothing.

Acting Companies
Acting companies consisted of only men and boys because women did not perform on the Elizabethan stage. A normal acting company had 8 to 12 members, workers, and apprentices.

The Members.
who were called hirelings, took small roles in the plays, performed the minor parts, music, served as prompters, and did various odd jobs.

They bought costumes, rented theaters, paid fees, and split the profits.

boys who played the roles of women and children.

The Apprentinces

Leading Actors

The Workers

Two common customs that audiences expected were soliloquies and asides.
A soliloquy is when an actor, who is alone on the stage, speaks a speech directly to the audience. In an aside, a character speaks words that the other characters onstage are not supposed to hear.

Audiences also liked and expected long wordy speeches. Many of these speeches had little relation to the play.

References

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Renaissance_theatre http://tonyaanna.tripod.com/id5.html http://www.bartleby.com/60/203.html http://classiclit.about.com/library/bl-etexts/rfletcher/blrfletcher-history-6-stage.htm http://www.elizabethan-era.org.uk/elizabethan-theatreaudiences.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folios_and_Quartos_(Shakesp eare) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaumont_and_Fletcher_folio s http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Jonson_folios

Question
Why woman do not allow of drama performance in Elizabethan period, however the chief of England is a woman (Queen Elizabeth) ?