LECTURE 2 OF 11

5.0 Matrices And Systems Of

Linear Equations

5.1 Matrices
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, students should
be able to:

(c) perform operations on matrices such
as multiplication of two matrices
(d) define the transpose of a matrix and
explain its properties
(b) define symmetric matrix and skew
symmetric matrix
Multiplication of Matrices

The product of two matrices A and B is
defined only when the number of
columns in A is equal to the number of
rows in B.

If order of A is m x n and the order of B
is n x p, then AB has order m x p.
The order of the
product is m x p
These numbers must
be equal
m n n p
A
mxn
B
nxp

AB
mxp



A row and a column must
have the same number of
entries in order to be
multiplied.
ATTENTION !









Multiplication Of Two Matrices
| |
n
a a a a R
3 2 1
=
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
n
b
b
b
b
C

3
2
1
1 1 2 2 3 3
[ ]
n n
RC a b a b a b a b = + + +


Find :

1 2
4 3
1 2
5 0 2
3 2 1
Example 1
(
(
(

1 2
4 3
1 2
5 0 2
3 2 1
(

+ + + +
+ + + +
=
) 1 ( 5 ) 4 ( 0 ) 1 ( 2 ) 2 ( 5 ) 3 ( 0 ) 2 ( 2
) 1 ( 3 ) 4 ( 2 ) 1 ( 1 ) 2 ( 3 ) 3 ( 2 ) 2 ( 1
3 6
12 2
Solution






Find AB.
2 5 4
1 7 5
A

(
=
(

1 2 3 5
3 2 1 5
5 4 0 7
B

(
(
=
(

(

Example 2
7 30 11 43
45 4 10 5
AB

(
=
(

Solution



Let and



Show that AB BA.
(

=
4 3
2 1
A
(

=
2 3
1 2
B
Example 3












(

4 3
2 1
(

2 3
1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 2 3 1 1 2 2
3 2 4 3 3 1 4 2
( + +
=
(
+ +

4 5
18 5
(
=
(

AB =
Solution

BA =



=



=
(

2 3
1 2
(

4 3
2 1
(

+ +
+ +
) 4 ( 2 ) 2 ( 3 ) 3 ( 2 ) 1 ( 3
4 ) 1 ( ) 2 ( 2 3 ) 1 ( ) 1 ( 2
(

14 3
0 5
Thus, AB BA.
This result prove that the matrix
multiplication is not commutative.
(

5 18
5 4

(

14 3
0 5
Properties of Matrix Multiplication

Let A,B,C and D be matrices for which
the following products are defined .Then

ASSOCIATIVE PROPERTY
A(BC) = (AB)C
DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY
A(B+C) = AB+AC
Transpose Matrix
Definition

The transpose of a matrix A , written as A
T
,
is the matrix obtained by interchanging the
rows and columns of A. That is, the
i
th
column of A
T
is the
i
th
row of A for all is.
If A
mxn
= [a
ij
] ,
then A
T
nxm
= [a
ji
]
11 12 13
21 22 23
31 32 33
3 3
a a a
A a a a
a a a

(
(
=
(
(

3 3
33 23 13
32 22 12
31 21 11

(
(
(

=
a a a
a a a
a a a
A
T
(
(
(

=
5 3 1
4 5 2
3 3 1
D
If
then
D
T
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

5 4 3
3 5 3
1 2 1

1 3
3
1
2

(
(
(

= B
T
B
Let then
| |
3 1
3 1 2

=
Example 4
Let , and


Show that
(a) (A + B )
T
= A
T
+ B
T
(b) (BC)
T
= C
T
B
T
1 2
3 4
A
(
=
(

3 4
2 1
B
(
=
(

1 4
3 2
C
(
=
(

Example 5
(a) A + B =
(

+ +
+ +
1 4 2 3
4 2 3 1
(

5 5
6 4

(A + B )
T
=
(

5 6
5 4
=
Solution

(

+
(

1 4
2 3
4 2
3 1
=
(

5 6
5 4
(A + B)
T
= A
T
+ B
T
A
T
+ B
T
=

b) BC =
( (
( (
( (
( (
( (
( (

3 4 1 4
2 1 3 2

=
(
(
(
(
(

+ +
+ +
2 8 3 2
8 12 12 3
=
(
(
(
(
(

10 5
20 15

[BC]
T
=
(
(
(
(
(

10 20
5 15


C
T
B
T
=
( (
( (
( (
( (
( (
( (

1 3 3 2
4 2 4 1

=
(
(
(
(
(

+ +
+ +
2 8 8 12
3 2 12 3

=
(
(
(
(
(

10 20
5 15

[BC]
T
= C
T
B
T

Properties of transpose

(A B)
T
= A
T
B
T


(A
T
)
T
= A

(AB)
T
= B
T
A
T


(kA)
T
= kA
T
,k is a scalar
T T
B A =

A square matrix,

A = [ a
ij
]
nxn,


is symmetric if it is equal to its own

transpose, A = A
T
that is a
ij
= a
ji


A Symmetric Matrix
(

=
(

=
3 2
2 1
,
3 2
2 1
T
A A
A and B are symmetric matrices.
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
2
3
1
,
2
3
1
c b
c a
b a
B
c b
c a
b a
B
T
Example 6
Given . Find A
T
.

Hence, prove that AA
T
is a symmetric
matrix.
(

=
4 3
2 1
A
Example 7
(

=
(

=
4 2
3 1
4 3
2 1
T
T
A
=
T
AA
(

4 2
3 1
4 3
2 1
(

=
25 11
11 5
Solution
(AA
T
)
T
=
T
(

25 11
11 5
(

=
25 11
11 5
= AA
T

Since AA
T
= (AA
T
)
T
,
therefore AA
T
is a
symmetrical matrix
A Skew Symmetric Matrix
A square matrix,

A = [ a
ij
]
nxn,


is a skew symmetric matrix if A = -A
T

ji ij
a a =
where i j = and 0 =
ii
a
(

=
(

=
0 2
2 0
,
0 2
2 0
T
A A
A and B are skew symmetric matrix.
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
0 3 1
3 0 2
1 2 0
,
0 3 1
3 0 2
1 2 0
T
B B
(

=
0 2
2 0
A =
B =
Example 8
A Symmetrical Matrix A = AT that is aij = aji
A = -A
T
,
ji ij
a a =
A Skewed Symmetrical Matrix
Transpose Matrix
Properties of transpose

(A B)
T
= A
T
B
T

(A
T
)
T
= A
(AB)
T
= B
T
A
T

(kA)
T
= kA
T
,k is a scalar
T T
B A =









Multiplication Of Two Matrices
| |
n
a a a a R
3 2 1
=
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
n
b
b
b
b
C

3
2
1
1 1 2 2 3 3
[ ]
n n
RC a b a b a b a b = + + +
(

=
0 3 2
4 2 1
A
(

=
4 3
2 1
B
(
(
(

=
4 6 2
1 5 4
9 7 3
C
1. Let
,
and
Indicate whether the given product is defined.
If so, give the order of the matrix product.
Compute the product, if possible.
(a) AB (b) AC (c) BA
(d) BC (e) CA (f) CB

Exercises:
(
(
(

=
1 2
0 4
1 3
A
(
(
(

=
1 1
2 1
1 2
B
(

=
2 2
4 3
C
2. Let
,
and
Find , (a) A
T
B (b) B
T
A
(c) (BC)
T
(d) (A+B)
T


1.(a) Not defined

(b) Defined ; 2 x 3


(c) Defined ; 2 x 3


(d) Not defined.
(e) Not defined.
(f) Not defined
(

21 29 18
27 41 19
(

12 18 11
4 8 5
Answers:
(

0 1
13 12
(

0 13
1 12
(

6 8 10
5 7 8
(

2 2 0
3 5 5

2 (a)

(b)


(c)
(d)