-is common both in a desktop model for polygraph examinations administered in the office and in a laptop model for

travel as pictured below.

So the polygraph simultaneously records various physiological phenomena by means of horizontal kymograph. The resulting PolyGram indicates tracing of external respiration in the thoracic and abnormal(chest breathing) cavities by means of a Pneumograph tambour assembly , systolic and diastolic contraction of the heart, as well as pulse fluctuations with the resistance of a sphygmomanometer and psycho-galvanic skin response by means of electrodes to the persons fingers. So each phenomenon is recorded by a hallow tube ink styles moving across horizontally and vertically ruled being driven by a synchronous electronic motor.

Attachment of the computerized polygraph instrument

The physiological changes within the examinees body are monitored by the following polygraph attachments: Respiratory rate:
two rubber tubes filled with air, called pneumograph. This are placed around the examinees chest and abdomen. When the chest or abdomen muscles expand, the air inside the tubes is displaced. The computerized polygraph employs transducers to convert the energy of the displaced air into electronic signals

Blood pressure/ heart rate:

A blood pressure cuff is placed around the examinees upper arm. Tubing runs from the cuff to the polygraph. Again, these signals are converted into electronic signals by transducers.

Galvanic skin resistance:

Also called electro-dermal activity and is basically a measure of sweat on the subjects fingertips. The fingertips are one of the porous areas in the body and therefore are a good place to look for sweat.

the theory is that we sweat more when we are placed under stress.
Finger electrodes are attached to two of the examinees fingers. These electrodes measure the skins ability to conduct electricity. When the skin is hydrated(as with sweat), it conducts electricity much more easily that when it is dry.

Proper attachment of the polygraph sensors or transducers to the body of the subject.

What are the major components of the polygraph instrument?

THE PNEUMOGRAPH COMPONENT
- THIS COMPONENT OCCUPIES THE TWO/UPPER PENS OF THE INSTRUMENT WHICH RECORDS THE THORACIC AND ABNORMAL BREATHING PATTERNS OF RESPIRATION. This is

accomplished through the use of a pneumograph consisting of two hollow corrugated tubes about seven inches in length, each attached to a unit by a rubber hose not longer than six feet and not larger than one quarter inch in diameter. This breathing or pneumo unit is a low pressure unit. The inhalation/exhalation of the subject causes the tubes to expand and contract, thereby reflecting the change through billows to the pen into the chart.

A pneumograph is a device for recording velocity and force of chest movements during respiration.

the galvanograph component

This is the longest and the third pen of the instrument. The electrodes are attached to the index finger and the ring finger of the left hand, or to the palmar and dorsal surfaces of the left hand. The electrodes used for obtaining the recording of the GSR(galvanic skin response) or electro-dermal responses, are fastened to the hand or finger by means of the passage of an imperceptible amount of electrical current through the hand or finger bearing the attached electrodes, a galvanometer unit provides recording of the variation in the flow of the electrical current

the galvanograph component image

The cardiograph component

This is the fourth and the bottom pen of the instrument. This cardio unit is a mechanically operated unit. It is a high pressure system. This system records changes in mean blood pressure, rate and strength of pulse beat by means of a medical blood pressure cuff containing a rubber bladder that is wrapped around the upper arm, in a manner that places the bladder against the brachial artery. The bladder is connected to the rubber hose, past a pressure indicating gauge to a very sensitive billows and its connected level system that powers the pen.

The polygraphist inflates the bladder with a hand pump to a constant air pressure that will provide tracing amplitude of 0.75 to 1 inch with a dichotic notch situated about the middle of the diastolic limb of the tracing

The kymograph component

This is the chart-drive recording unit of the instrument. It has a synchronized motor that drives the charts at the rate of 6-12 inches per minute and its speed constant is vital because the vertical lines, which are spaced either at one-half of an inch interval, represents 5 or 10 interval on the chart.

What are the detachable parts of the polygraph instrument?

1. The finger electrodes and blood pressure cuff

2. Pneumo tube 1 and Pneumo tube 2

What are the built-in accessories of the polygraph instrument?

1. Kymograph or chart driving mechanism chart roll arbor, idler roller, pen table paper guides, sprocket roller, cutter bar, off and on power switch, synchronous motor. 2. Pen and inking system Capillary pen, ink well plates, ink dropper, cuct bill

3. Pneumograph section Rubber jellows, beaded chain, rubber flexible tubing, Pneumograph connecting tube, Pneumograph distributing ink, Pneumograph pipe line, vent valve and vent bottom, tambour assembly, sphygmomanometer, resonance control.

4. Cardio section Pump bulb assembly, blood pressure pump connection, blood pressure cuff assembly, connector block, sphygmomanometer pipe line.
5. Galvanograph section Finger electrodes, electrode jellows, galvanometer

What are the necessary consideration for an effective polygraph testing?

1. The instrument - Polygraph examination uses the polygraph instrument as the device use for the recording the result. Hence, all its component and accessories must be operational and functional. The examiner should check the sensors/transducers attached to the body of the subject

 Pneumograph tube
is fastened on the subjects chest and abdomen through the beaded chain

blood pressure cuff

the same type use by the physicians is fastened on the subjects upper right arm or bicep.

finger electrodes
fastened to the left index and ring fingers of the subject

And must be guided by the parts and functions of the instruments as follows:

 pen lifter raises or lowers the pen to three positions. chart drive module propels chart paper at the rate of 6-12
inches per minute. Also known as kymograph

Paper tear bar provides cutting edge for removal of charts mechanical Pneumo module recording part of mechanical
Pneumo channel.

chart drive roller lever lifts chart drive roller for paper changes
and chart removal.

sphygmomanometer dial reads operating pressure of cardio

channel.

Pneumo 1 pneumatic connection for upper (thoracic)

Pneumograph.

Pneumo 2 pneumatic connection for lower (abdominal)

Pneumograph.

 cuff connection for cardio channel subject cuff tubing. pump connection for hand pump used to inflate subject cuff. centering control position pen on chart. Rotating clockwise
raises the pen, while rotating counter clockwise lowers it. Operates similarly on all channels.

sensitivity control determine the tracing size(amplitude).

Rotating clockwise increases size and counter clockwise decreases size.

gsr mode switch selects the operating mode for gsr channel manual or automatic. gsr input connector accepts plug from gsr subject attachment
cord.

cardio lock lever immobilizes mechanical cardio mechanism

when not in use.

The examiner should also familiarize himself with the control mechanism of the polygraph instrument: Resonance control it allows you to clear up or make a better
pattern when you have too much pulse pressure of the subject. Function is to make electrical contact with the subject.

hand electrode this is fastened to hand by a stretched band.

panel control to allows the operator to control or adjust the

operation of the galvanograph.

There are other five important controls:

Off and on power switch on switch energizes the

galvanograph section

Subjects resistance control balance the galvo section to

the skin resistance of the subject. Reactivity control adjust the sensitivity of the galvo section Self-centered normal switch selects either mode of operation. Self-centering mode the circuit electronically centers the pen itself after every excursion.

Control of cardio-sphygmograph section

Manual centering knob used to place cardio in its proper place
on the chart.

vent valve it use to left atmospheric pressure into the system and
used to release pressure all or parts of the pressure resonance control is use to decrease the amplitude of the cardio tracing and use to sharpen the diacrotic notch.

Control of the pneumograph section

manual centering knob used to position base line of the Pneumo tracing on the upper heavy horizontal line. vent with the vent down, the system is closed and non-operative. With the vent up, the system is open and ready to use. uses of the vent: a. to stop the pen between the test and to prevent possible tambour assembly. b. to prevent pen from possible jam by moving up or down in one place of the chart paper. c. to stop pen during the tube adjustment d. to assists in gaining amplitude e. to let atmospheric enter into the system.

The examiner Basis to all that has been said with regard to the utilization and accuracy of the polygraph technique is the matter of the examiner qualifications and skills. examiner must be: - an intelligent person - with good education background - College degree - Intense interest to the work - Good practical understanding of human nature - Suitable personality